从《提纲》看马克思对费尔巴哈人本主义思想的批判

Marx’s Criticism of Feuerbach’s Humanism from the Outline

人本主义思想是费尔巴哈哲学的核心内容和本性所在。费尔巴哈在打破以往宗教神学和唯心主义思辨哲学的基础上确立了唯物主义自然观,把它作为其人本主义思想的出发点和基础,并以“感性思维”提出了关于人的“类本质”和“宗教情感”等人本主义观点。在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中,马克思立足唯物史观的基本原则并以实践思维对费尔巴哈人本主义思想进行了批判。马克思以实践为基础重新界定了人的本质的内涵和实现途径,即“一切社会关系的总和”和“变革世界”,实现了关于人本质认识的历史性发展和飞跃。

Humanism is the core content and nature of Feuerbach’s philosophy.Feuerbach established the materialistic view of nature on the basis of breaking away from the previous religious theology and idealistic speculative philosophy,took it as the start⁃ing point and foundation of his humanistic thought,and put forward such humanistic views as“human nature”and“religious emo⁃tion”with“perceptual thinking”.In the Outline of Feuerbach,Marx criticized Feuerbach’s humanistic thought based on the basic principles of historical materialism and“practical thinking”.On the basis of practice,Marx redefined the connotation of human na⁃ture and the way to realize it,that is,“the sum of all social relations”and“changing the world”,and realized the historical develop⁃ment and leap of the understanding of human nature.