从联大决议看安理会改革中的否决权问题——以联大第76/262号决议为例

The Veto Power in the Reform of the Security Council from the Perspective of the UN General Assembly’s Resolution

联合国安理会的大国否决权机制自确立至今,已持续运转70余年,它在维护国际和平与安全方面发挥着重要的作用,但同时也存在一定问题。国际社会要求对联合国安理会进行改革的呼声长期存在,其中否决权机制常被列为改革的首要问题。近期乌克兰危机的爆发使安理会五大常任理事国具有的“一票否决权”再度成为各方关注的焦点。2022年4月,联合国大会通过第76/262号决议,规定一旦安理会常任理事国行使否决权,将自动触发联大召开会议的机制。尽管决议并未从实质上阻止五常对否决权的行使,但新增的联大辩论程序将增加安理会常任理事国行使否决权时所面临的外部约束和国际道义压力。在中美竞争加剧和俄美欧关系紧张的当下,联大第76/262号决议会对五常分别产生程度不同的影响。

The mechanism that gives veto power to the five permanent members(P5)of the UN Security Council has been in operation for more than 70 years since its establishment,which plays an important role in maintaining international peace and security,but it is also problematic in some way.The international community has long called for the reform of the UN Security Council,in which the veto mechanism is often listed as the first issue of reform.The recent outbreak of the Ukraine crisis has made the“veto power”held by the five permanent members of the Security Council once again the focus of attention.In April 2022,the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 76/262,which provides for the mechanism of convening the General Assembly automatically once the permanent members of the Security Council exercise their veto power.While the resolution does not substantially prevent the P5 from exercising their veto power,the additional General Assembly debate procedure will increase the external constraints and international moral pressures on the permanent members of the Security Council to exercise the veto.At a time of heightened competition between China and the United States and strained relations between Russia and the United States and Europe,the UN General Assembly’s resolution 76/262 will have different degrees of impact on the P5.