微纳米塑料和有机磷阻燃剂的联合毒性效应研究进展

Research Progress on Joint Toxicity of Micro-nano Plastics and Organophosphorus Flame Retardants

由于塑料制品的广泛使用和处置不当,越来越多的微纳米塑料(micro-nano plastics, MNPs)颗粒被释放到环境中,造成全球范围严重的MNPs污染问题。大气、水体和土壤等介质中都检出MNPs,其比表面积较大,易吸附其他有毒污染物(如重金属离子以及有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphorus flame retardants, OPFRs)等有机污染物),通过载体效应产生复合毒性效应,引发更为复杂的生态风险。OPFRs的大量应用使之成为另一个遍及全球的环境污染问题,其与MNPs一样可汇入海洋生态系统,二者的相互作用复合后造成的联合毒性引起了广泛关注。本文综述了近年来海洋水体、沉积物和生物中MNPs和OPFRs的污染调查研究结果,分别总结了二者对海洋生物的毒性效应和机制,包括急性毒性、氧化应激、基因和遗传毒性,及其在生殖、生长发育、行为、器官、免疫、神经和内分泌等方面的毒性等;并重点探讨了实际环境中MNPs和OPFRs相互作用构成复合体系后的联合毒性,从MNPs特性以及受试生物的性别差异等方面分析归纳了二者加剧或缓解(与单独暴露比较)毒性效应的机制;最后对MNPs和OPFRs联合毒性的研究方向进行了展望,建议开展系统性研究,着重探究MNPs和OPFRs的致毒机制和环境特征,特别是二者沿食物链和食物网的生物累积和放大作用。本文为进一步研究和评价MNPs和OPFRs在海洋生态系统中的生态风险及其对人类构成的健康风险提供了新的视角和理论基础。

More and more micro-nano plastic particles(MNPs) are releasing into the environment due to improper use and treatment of plastic products, causing a serious environmental problem of MNPs pollution worldwide. The presence of this emerging environmental pollutant has been found in the atmosphere, water bodies, soil, and other media. Its large specific surface area makes it easy to adsorb other toxic pollutants(such as heavy metal ions, and organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs), etc.), which pose complex toxic effects through carrier effects, and lead to more complex ecological risks. The massive use of OPFRs has made them another environmental pollution problem worldwide. OPFRs, like MNPs, can eventually sink into marine ecosystems, and the combined toxicity caused by their interactions has attracted widespread attention. This review summarizes the pollution investigations of MNPs and OPFRs in sea waters, sediments and organisms in recent years, and concludes the toxic effects and mechanisms of MNPs and OPFRs in marine organisms, respectively, including acute toxicity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and toxicity in reproduction, immunity, behavior, nervous and endocrine systems, growth and development. Then, we focus on the joint toxicity of MNPs and OPFRs in the real environment. The aggravating and alleviating toxic effects and mechanism of the two were analyzed and summarized from several aspects, such as MNPs characteristics, test organisms and gender differences, etc. Finally, the future research directions of the combined toxic effects of MNPs and OPFRs are prospected, and it is recommended to carry out comprehensive and systematic research, focusing on the toxicity mechanism and environmental characteristics of MNPs and OPFRs, especially the bioaccumulation and magnification through food chains and food webs. This review provides a new perspective and theoretical basis for further research and evaluation of the ecological risks of MNPs and OPFRs in marine ecosystems and their threats to human health.