中国工会对企业全要素生产率的作用机制:理论与实证

The Mechanism Effect of Chinese Union on Firm’s Total Factor Productivity:Theories and Empirical Studies

本文基于企业异质性视角构建工会对全要素生产率的影响机制模型,利用中国工业企业和地级市匹配数据进行实证检验。研究发现,工会密度显著提高了企业全要素生产率,且二者呈倒“U”型关系。机制检验表明,工会通过改善职工工资、福利和社会保障水平显著提升企业全要素生产率,形成收入激励效应;工会通过倒逼企业采取资本深化、人力资本和技术创新的替代劳动策略提升企业全要素生产率,形成要素替代效应。此外,工会对企业全要素生产率的提升效应在东部地区显著高于非东部地区,在国有企业显著高于非国有企业,在出口企业显著高于非出口企业。随着行业垄断势力增强,工会对企业全要素生产率的提升效应越高。因此,建设现代化工会制度、重塑工会角色、强化工会的要素配置作用、推进工会差异化建设,对提升职工收入和企业全要素生产率、推动中国经济高质量发展具有现实意义。

This paper develops a mechanism model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the union’s effect on total factor productivity(TFP),and conducts an empirical test using the matching data of industrial enterprises and prefecture-level cities.The result shows that the union density significantly enhances firm’s TFP which presents an inverted“U”shape.The mechanism test shows that the union significantly improves firm’s TFP by improving employees’wage,welfare and social security,which forms income incentive effect.The union promotes firm’s TFP by forcing firms to adopt capital deepening,human capital and technological innovation labor substitution strategy,forming factor substitution effect.In addition,the promotion effect of the union on firm’s TFP is more pronounced for firms that are eastern-based,state-owned and export-oriented,respectively.The union effect of firm’s TFP presents an upward trend with the enhancement of industrial monopoly power.Therefore,building the modernized union system,reshaping the role of unions,strengthening the factor allocation role of the unions and promoting the differentiated construction of unions,which is of practical significance to improve the employee income and firm’s TFP,and promote the high-quality development of China’s economy.