巴山南部山区乡村聚落时空变化特征及影响因素——以重庆市城口县为例

Study on Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Rural Settlements in Mountainous Areas in the South of Bashan Mountain——A Case Study of Chengkou County in Chongqing Municipality

为探究山区乡村聚落的时空变化特征,以巴山南部城口县为例,基于2010年、2015年、2019年乡村聚落斑块数据,通过GIS空间分析和景观指数方法,从聚落分布、规模、形态和区位4个角度分析了城口县乡村聚落的时空变化特征,并运用空间误差回归模型揭示其影响因素。结果表明:(1)城口县乡村聚落空间集聚趋势增强;聚落分布呈现“西北密,东南疏”,高密度区范围向乡镇中心缩减;(2)与2010年比较,2019年城口县聚落数量减少而规模明显增加;乡村聚落规模以小型化为主,由小规模逐渐向大规模发展;聚落形状不规则并趋于复杂化,乡镇中心周边及主要道路河流两侧的形状不规则程度较大,且程度增大;(3)聚落主要分布在海拔<1 500 m,坡度<25°范围内,沿河流和道路呈带状分布;低地缓坡处和河流道路两侧为聚落扩张区,海拔和坡度较高的地区为聚落收缩区;(4)人口规模、坡度和距乡镇中心距离是城口县乡村聚落规模变化的首要因素。综上所述,自然因素塑造城口县乡村聚落的基本格局,而区位因素、社会经济因素及政策因素进一步推动乡村聚落演化。研究结果可为秦巴山区乡村聚落布局优化提供依据,对改善山地乡村人居环境、推动山区乡村振兴具有重要意义。

In order to explore the spatial-temporal change characteristics of rural settlements in mountainous areas, taking Chengkou County in the south of Bashan mountain as an example, based on the patch data of rural settlements in 2010, 2015 and 2019, we analyzed the spatial-temporal change characteristics of rural settlements in Chengkou County from the perspectives of settlement distribution, scale, morphology and location through GIS spatial analysis and landscape index method, and used spatial error regression model to reveal its influencing factors. The results showed that:(1) during the study period, the spatial agglomeration trend of rural settlements in Chengkou County was enhanced;the distribution of settlements presented ‘dense pattern in the northwest and sparse pattern in the southeast’, and the scope of high-density area reduced to the township center;(2) compared with 2010, the number of settlements in Chengkou County decreased and the scale of settlements increased significantly in 2019;the scale of rural settlements was mainly small-scale, and gradually developed from small-scale to large-scale;the shape of the settlement was irregular and tended to be complex;the irregular shape around the town center and on both sides of the main road and river was large and the degree increased;(3) the settlements mainly distributed in the range of altitude <1 500 m and slope <25 °, and distributed in strips along rivers and roads;the gentle slope of low-lying areas and both sides of river roads were settlement expansion areas, and the areas with higher altitude and slope were settlement contraction areas;(4) population scale, slope and distance from township center were the primary factors for the change of rural settlement scale in Chengkou County.To sum up, natural factors shaped the basic pattern of rural settlements in Chengkou County, while location factors, socio-economic factors and policy factors further promoted the evolution of rural settlements. These research results can provide a basis for the optimization of the layout of rural settlements in Qinba Mountain area, and are of great significance to improve the living environment in mountain villages and promote the revitalization of mountain villages.