户籍、地籍与明清以来的山场确权——以东南山区为中心

Cadaster,Household Register and the Property Right Confirmation of the Mountain in Southeast China in Ming and Qing Dynasty

在东南山场产权确认的历史过程中,契约和乡约族规发挥了关键作用,国家权力的介入则可以说是这整个过程的背景,它还通过赋役和诉讼制度提供了确权的工具。一方面,国家把人们在山场中居住、生产的权利与他们的户籍身份相联系,部分山场也被作为“事产”编制入户籍和地籍;另一方面,民众在山场开发中报税报垦,在纠纷中诉诸官府裁断,并使用各种赋役文书作为确权凭据,用户籍地籍中的税亩分庄记录山场股份的分配。由此从制度到实践,山场确权与赋役制度捆绑在了一起。由于东南山区的快速开发,同一山场空间的产业形态和地籍类型都处于变化之中。田地山塘是赋税科则的分类概念,官府在争讼理处中对田、山产权认定的不同处置,也与它们在赋役系统中的不同地位有关。户籍和地籍作为国家控制和汲取资源的主要工具,是赋役制度下规定、控制民众与国家之间关系的文书,当它们被用作确权时,也是在重申和强化这种控制关系,而不仅是证明产权的存在。

On the background of the intervention of state power,the contracts and mutual arrangements played important role in the historical confirmation of property rights of mountains in southeast areas.On the one hand,the government has bounded people's right in living and producing in the mountains with their registered residence status.On the other hand,the people applied for the official documents of the household register and cadaster as the evidence in the property right dispute and recorded the distribution of shares in the mountain property with the tax amount record.Thus,from institution to practice,the confirmation of property right in the mountain is bound up with the taxation system.Due to the rapid development of the southeast mountain area,the cadastral type of the same mountain space was changing.The property was classified four categories as land,field,mountain,and pond in the cadastral.The government handled different types of land disputes in different ways.The household register and cadaster,as the main tools for the government to control resources,were instruments that regulated the relationship between the people and the state under the tax and corvee system.When they were used to confirm property rights,they were also reaffirming and strengthening this control relationship,not only proving the existence of property rights.