秦汉县级诸官的流变:以出土文献为中心的讨论

The Changes of Zhu Guan at County During Qin and Han Dynasties:A Discussion Centering on Unearthed Documents

秦汉县级诸官系统的基本职责是保障行政运转。里耶秦简“迁陵吏志”中10个诸官分别是仓、司空、库、少内、田、田官、畜官、都乡、启陵乡、贰春乡。诸官除了服务官府外,还是以经济活动为主的业务部门。诸官体系在汉代依然存在,但其生产功能弱化,机构和吏员减省,一些服务类职官地位上升。这是因为汉代郡的地位上升,有更大的事权,能够组织起公共生产服务,并拥有一些专门的生产职官,而县廷则相形见绌。此外,客观条件的变化也造成了部分县级诸官的消失。秦代县廷控制刑徒劳动力较多,而汉代多使用小农劳役,这也导致了县级诸官收缩。同时,秦代和汉代史料记载的偏差也在一定程度上塑造着我们今日对秦汉诸官演变的直观印象。

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the basic function of Zhu Guan system at county level was to ensure administrative operations. The 10 types of Zhu Guan that can be found in the records of the officials of Qianling County were: Cang, Si Kong, Ku, Shao Nei, Tian, Tian Guan, Xu Guan, Du Xiang, Qiling Xiang,and Erchun Xiang. In addition to serving the government, they were also business departments that focused on economic activities. Zhu Guan system still existed in the Han Dynasty, but its production function was weakened with the number of institutions and officials reduced and the rise of the status of some service officials. This was due to the rising status of Jun, which wielded greater authority to organize public production services and had some specialized production officials. The county government was thus dwarfed. The changes in objective conditions also caused the disappearance of some Zhu Guan. In the Qin Dynasty, the county government controlled many labor forces mainly consisting of criminals, while in the Han Dynasty, the labor force was mostly replenished by farmers,which contributed to the decline of Zhu Guan. The discrepancies between the historical records of the Qin and Han dynasties have also shaped our direct impression of the evolution of Zhu Guan in the Qin and Han dynasties.