作为数据的劳动:网络主播的数字劳动及其治理研究

Labour as Data:A Study on the Digital Labour of Network Anchors and Its Governance

数字科技革命孕育了数字劳动这一新的劳动形式,也催生了短视频/直播这一新的数字平台。平台、数据、国家是网络主播数字劳动治理过程中密切关联又充满张力的三个维度:网络主播是数字劳动的主体;短视频/直播平台是数字劳动的场域;数据是数字劳动的生成物,也是平台和国家争夺和治理的对象。在平台上生存的数字劳动者有着数字劳动的自主性,但也面临着剥削并不断被异化,由此而主动和被动生成的各种乱象,以及那些被合理化了的支配关系,体现了数字平台的商业属性与其被期待具有的公共性之间的张力,凸显了国家进行数字劳动治理的必要性。在数字劳动治理的过程中,平台价值与国家价值导向之间的矛盾、平台私权力与国家公权力的矛盾、以人民为中心的发展思想和“数据殖民主义”以资本增殖为中心之间的矛盾等会进一步显露出来。国家要以积极的姿态介入到网络主播的数字劳动治理之中,将其作为新时代数字治理方案的一个有益的切入点,这意味着必须:推动关键数字科技的普及与普惠发展;在数据分类的前提下确定数据权属边界;探索建立国家与平台间的对话合作机制。

The revolution of digital science and technology has given birth to a new form of labour:digital labour,and a new digital platform:short video/live streaming platform.Platform,data and the State are three dimensions which are closely related and full of tension in the process of governing of network anchor’s digital labour:network anchor is the subject of digital labour;short video/live streaming platform is the field and carrier of digital labour;data is the product of digital labour and also the object that the State and the platform compete for and govern.Though digital labourer has the autonomy of digital labour,they also faces exploitation and constant alienation on the platform,which generates various chaos,either in an active or a passive manner,as well as the rationalized dominance relations.This reflects the tensions between the commerciality and the expected publicity of the digital platform,and highlights the necessity of governance of digital labour on the part of the State.In the process of the governance of digital labour,what will be further revealed are the contradictions between the value of the platform and the value orientation of the State,the private power of the platform and the public power of the state,the people-centered development thoughts and the“data colonialism”centering on the capital increment.The State should proactively intervene in the governance of network anchor’s digital labour and take it as a beneficial accessing point of the digital governance scheme in the new era,which means that it must take initiatives in following three ways at least:promoting the universal and inclusive development of key digital science and technology;determining the data ownership boundary on the premise of data classification;exploring ways to establish dialogue and cooperation mechanisms between the State and the platform.