俄罗斯保守主义价值观外交评析

Russia’s Conservative-Values Diplomacy

基于对以新自由主义为导向的俄罗斯社会转型的反思以及对冷战后新自由主义占据主导地位的国际秩序的反动,以国家主义、民粹主义、反自由主义和反西方主义为思想内核的保守主义在普京执政之后日趋成型并逐渐成为俄罗斯社会的主流意识形态。在近年的外交实践中,俄罗斯充分运用保守主义理念,利用文化、宗教、种族、身份政治等工具,谋求为其内外政策获取更广泛国际支持。俄罗斯通过推行保守主义价值观外交,一度成为国际保守主义力量的中心,获得了相应的国际号召力和影响力,并为其推行对外政策创造了一定空间。然而,俄罗斯的保守主义价值观外交既弥漫着根深蒂固的弥赛亚意识,也隐藏着机会主义和工具主义的底色,特别是其“以虚拟的文化疆域代替实际的主权疆域”的认知与行动同其倡导的尊重国家主权的高调宣示背道而驰。随着俄罗斯对外行为的激进性日益凸显,其保守主义价值观外交在国际上也引发了越来越多的质疑和反弹。

After Putin came to power, conservatism, whose ideological core consists in statism, populism, anti-liberalism and anti-Westernism, has gradually taken shape and become the mainstream ideology in Russia due to a rethinking of the neoliberalisminspired transformation of the Russian society and the Russian counteraction to the post-Cold War international order dominated by neoliberalism. In recent years, Russia has made full use of conservative ideas, using tools such as culture, religion, race, identity politics to gain wider international support for its domestic and foreign policies. By pursuing conservative-values diplomacy, Russia once became the center of international conservatism and accordingly gained international influence, creating a favorable environment for its foreign policy. However, Russia’s conservative-values diplomacy is tainted with not only a deep-rooted Messianic zeal, but also opportunism and instrumentalism. In particular, there is a marked discrepancy between its high-profile insistence on respect for national sovereignty and its perception and corresponding action that actually seek to “equate virtual cultural regions with actual sovereign territory.” With increasing radicalism in Russia’s foreign behavior, its conservative-values diplomacy has also caused more and more concerns and criticisms internationally.