马克思恩格斯关于文学与人类学的跨学科研究

Marx and Engels’ Interdisciplinary Study of Literature and Anthropology

马克思、恩格斯终生都没有使用“人类学”的概念,因而今天的学者说马克思的《人类学笔记》就很不符合学术规范。人类学以研究神话而著称,马克思研究神话最著名的论断恰恰不在晚年的《人类学笔记》中,而在《〈政治经济学批判〉导言》中。而且马克思审视古代社会的那种一视同仁的研究方法倒是抹平了研究原始人用人类学而研究文明人用社会学的差异性对待。更进一步说,马克思根本就不存在背离“唯物史观”的“人类学转向”,恩格斯在整理马克思的摩尔根古代史笔记的基础上,写作了具有人类学色彩的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,认为摩尔根以自己的方式发现了“唯物史观”,就驳斥了马克思对“唯物史观”的背离之说。

Neither Karl Marx nor Friedrich Engels had used the concept of “anthropology” all their lives, so today’s scholars said that Marx’s Anthropological Notes was very inconsistent with academic norms. Anthropology has been famous for the study of myth, and Marx’s most famous argument on myth was not in his Anthropological Notes in his later years, but in the Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy. In addition, Marx’s egalitarian approach to ancient society smoothed out the distinction between anthropology for primitive people and sociology for civilized people. This article further points out that Marx did not present an “anthropological turn” departing from the “historical materialism”;on the basis of Marx’s Morgan notes of ancient history, Engels wrote The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State with an anthropological color, and considered that Morgan found “historical materialism” in his own way, which refuted the argument about Marx’s departure from the “historical materialism”.