个体量词“把”的来源辨析

An Analysis of the Origin of the Individual Measure Word “Ba”(把)

名量词“把”作为现代汉语中的常用量词,通常有集合与个体两种用法。集合量词“把”与其所搭配的名词之间是容器与容纳物的关系,个体量词“把”与其所搭配的名词之间是动作与对象的关系,从语义关系的角度看两者并不具备孳乳的条件,且两者在泛化方式上亦不相同。对个体量词“把”与动词来源的个体量词“乘、张、帖”进行对比,可以发现它们在与名词的语义关系及泛化方式上均存在平行性,并且在具有量词的语言中,由操作动词向个体量词的演变是一种常见的演变模式。“把”由动词发展成为个体量词,主要基于句法转喻也即转指,转指的必要条件是“把”不存在可以支配的受事。

Ba(把)is a measure word in modern Chinese.At present,the noun measure word Ba(把)is used in two ways:as group measure word and individual measure word.Semantically,the relationship between the Group measure word Ba(把)and its accompanying noun is that of container and contents;While the relationship between the individual measure word Ba(把)and its accompanying noun is that of action and object.From the perspective of semantic relationship,there is no condition to derive,and they are different in generalization.By comparing the individual measure word Ba(把)with individual measure words which derived from verbs such as Cheng(乘),Zhang(张),and Tie(贴),it is found that there is a parallelism in generalization mode and the semantic relationship between individual measure words and their accompanying nouns.And the evolution from operational verbs to individual measure words is a common evolutionary pattern,in languages with classifier.The development of Ba(把)from a verb to an individual measure word is mainly based on referring transfer.The necessary condition of referring transfer is that there is no related recipient with Ba(把).