因材施教的双重结构及其价值选择

The Dual Structure of “Teaching Students in Accordance with Their Aptitude” and Its Value Selection

因材施教的双重结构是指因材施教包括“逆教”和“顺教”两种范式,且二者在不同情境中以不同的方式构成某种特定结构。其中,“逆教”是指教师在教育教学中“逆对”学生的弱势发展领域采取补救性教育措施,以促进学生弱势发展领域的最大化发展,其目的是促进学生“全面发展”;“顺教”是指教师在教育教学过程中“顺应”学生的优势发展领域采取加强性教育措施,以促进学生优势领域的充分化发展,其目的是促进学生“个性发展”。在当前的教育中,原本是双重结构的因材施教被异化为“逆教”这一单一结构,以致我们的教育很难培养出能攻克“卡脖子”技术的高端人才。根据我国社会发展需要、教育发展实际和学生成才需要,当前更应注重“顺教”这一范式。为此,教育教学应注重采纳如下建议:树立科学的人才成长观;注重发现学生的优势潜能;采取顺应性的教学措施;建构包容性的评价制度。

The dual structure of “teaching students in accordance with their aptitude” refers to two teaching paradigms that it is composed of, namely, “inverse teaching” and “matching teaching”, which combine in different ways in different situations. “Inverse teaching” is a teaching method in which remedial measures are adopted to compensate for students’ non-preponderant areas in the teaching process, aiming to achieve all-round development of students. While “matching teaching” means that teachers mainly take promotive measures to enhance the development of the students’ preponderant fields in the instruction, seeking to encourage individualized development of students. In the current situation, the dual structure of “teaching students in accordance with their aptitude” has been alienated to be “inverse teaching”. It is for this reason that it is difficult for our education to cultivate top-notch talents who can make a breakthrough in technology. Thus, in order to meet the needs of social development, individual growth and the requirement of education development, we should pay more attention to the paradigm of “matching teaching” and take the following countermeasures: establishing proper views on students’ development;discovering and cherishing the potential of every student;taking adaptive teaching measures for enhancement of students’ strength;constructing an inclusive educational evaluation system.