近期我国土石坝溃决或出险事故及其启示

Recent earth-filled dam failures or accidents of reservoirs in China and their enlightenment

受极端气候影响,近年来溃坝和出险事故时有发生,一些规律性趋势逐渐清晰,对超标准洪水影响、土石坝漫而不溃、应急响应机制等一些新问题新方向有待深入研究。基于最新溃坝和出险案例,从防洪标准、监测预警、应急响应、应急处置等方面总结经验教训,得出在水库大坝安全管理和防洪度汛方面的启示,进一步提出加强溃坝风险防控的思考和建议。快速降低库水位是应对超标准洪水的关键措施,土石坝可以做到漫而不溃,土石坝结构设计应充分考虑极端强降雨工况,流域梯级水库防洪能力亟待加强,管理设施对紧急情况下应急能力影响很大,低水平的管理会严重影响防洪安全。

Affected by extreme weathers,dam failures and accidents occurred in recent years,and some regularity trend is gradually clear.Some new phenomena and new directions such as the excessive flood impact,earth-rock dam overtopping with not collapse,emergency response mechanism and so on should be studied deeply.It is necessary to analyze and study the latest dam-break and escape cases.This paper summarizes experience and draws lessons from flood control standards,monitoring and early warning,emergency response and emergency treatment,and puts forward some enlightenments in reservoir dam safety management and flood control,and further puts forward thoughts and suggestions on strengthening dam failure risk prevention and control.Conclusion:quickly lowering water level is the key to deal with the excessive flood;earth dam can be overtopped without collapse;earth and rockfill dam structure design should give full consideration to the extreme working condition of strong rainfall;it is necessary to strengthen the flood control capacity for river cascade reservoirs;management facilities have a great influence on emergency response ability;and low-level management influences the flood control safety significantly.