"古典化"前夜的景象空间《曲水园图》面面观

Landscape Scenery Previous to the"Classicalization"An Exploration of Qushuiyuantu

中华传统山水园的"古典化"进程,受到了传统山水画发展历程的决定性启发.文章尝试以明中后期吴门画派名家文嘉的《曲水园图》与众多传世名园图像及现存名园实例的交互对比,从平面布局、建筑格局与形态逻辑等方面,探讨这一"园图互动"与空间转译的演化进程与必然逻辑,以及曲水园这座营造于"古典化"前夜的沪上名园可能的布局样貌.文章指出,元人的"一河两岸"三段式山水画构图程式可能对明中后期逐步形成的"隔水面山"三段式山水园布局程式产生了决定性影响,并促成了山水园"古典化"时代的到来.文章阐释了吴门画派的三段式"屋木"程式的产生意义,及其如何被纯化、转译为"古典化"山水园中的不同建筑角色;并认为宋元以来山水画的线性空间结构,潜在地影响了"古典化"园林空间景象的统驭方式.概而言之,正是源于二维山水画的多方面引领,才令三维山水园中的人工建筑终能以适宜的尺度、平等而凝练的姿态对话自然,融入山水云树的物形体系.

The"classicalization"of traditional Chinese landscape gardens has been decisively inspired by the development of traditional landscape painting.Through an interactive comparison of Qushuijyuantu(Painting of Qushui Garden)by Wen Jia(1501-1583,a renowned painter of the Wu School)as well as other paintings and existing cases of famous gardens,this article explores the evolutionary process and the inevitable relation of this garden painting interaction and spatial translation in terms of plan,layout,and form,including the possible layout of Qushui Garden which was constructed right before"isscaliationr.The article proposes that the Yuan dynasty painters'yihe-liang'an(one river and two banks)with three-section landscape painting composition may have had a decisive impact on the gradual formation of the three section landscape garden layout of geshui-mianshan(facing the mountain across the water)in the middle and late Ming dynasty(1368-1644)and led to the arrlval of"lasscalization"of the landscape garden.It explains the signifcance of the Wu School's three-section wumu(building)composition and how it has been refined and translated into different buildings in the"classicized"landscape gardens.In addition,the article argues that the linear spatial organization of landscape painting since the Song(960-1279 CE)and Yuan(1271-1368)dynasties has potentially infuenced the management of landscape scenery in the"lasscized"gardens.In conclusion,it is the extensive inspiration from the twodimensional landscape painting that alows the artfclal buldings in the three dimensional landscape garden to eventually establish a conversation with nature in an appropriate scale and an equal and concise manner,integrating into the physical system of landscape,clouds,and trees.