公共服务满意度对中青年养老责任认知的影响——基于CGSS数据的实证分析

The Impact of Public Service Satisfaction on the Cognition of Elderly Care Responsibility of Young and Middle-aged People——An Empirical Analysis Based on CGSS Data

人口老龄化的不断加剧是我国社会发展所面临的一个现实困境,也是政府亟待解决的一个重要难题。有效解决好养老问题,是促进我国经济和社会持续健康发展的重要保障。中青年人作为未来养老服务的目标群体,其步入老年之后的养老保障与我国养老政策体系的优化、完善有着紧密的联系。因此,依据中青年人的养老责任认知进行具有针对性的养老制度安排显得尤为必要。通过分析CGSS2015数据发现,尽管有过半数的中青年人认同由子女负责的养老责任观念,但是也有相当数量的对象能够接受由其他主体承担老人的养老责任,即认同由政府、自己而不是子女来为养老生活负主要责任,这表明中青年人的养老责任认知已经呈现出多元化趋势。通过构建多分类Logistic回归模型来探析中青年人养老责任认知的影响因素,研究发现中青年人对于医疗卫生服务、基本社会服务、住房保障服务以及公共服务资源分布均衡度、公共服务获取便利度的满意度与其养老责任认知存在着显著关系。为了更好地应对我国未来严峻的养老形势,引导中青年人的养老责任认知朝着有利于社会发展的方向转变是非常必要的。首先,要明确养老主体责任,发挥多主体养老功能。构建子女支持、政府兜底、充分发挥个人积极作用的多元化养老责任体系,推动多元化养老责任分担机制的优化和完善。其次,充分关注特殊群体需求,推动养老服务供给精准化、普惠化。既要关注受教育程度低、子女数量较少或没有子女、未婚独居以及家庭经济状况较差等特殊群体的基本养老保障,也要结合女性的社会地位与心理特点提供多样化的养老服务。最后,要提高公共服务供给效率,增强公共服务满意度。政府应着眼于提高医疗卫生服务质量,积极地承担基本社会服务职能,扩大公共住房供给,稳步推进老旧民宅适老化改造。同时,充分发挥市场的资源配置作用和政府的宏观调控作用,促进养老服务资源的合理分布;综合运用大数据等现代科技手段,发展“智慧养老”产业,提高养老服务获取的便利度。

The increasing of aging population is a realistic dilemma faced in China’s social development,and also an important problem that the government urgently needs to solve.Solving the pension problem effectively is an important guarantee to promote the sustainable and healthy development of Chinese economy and society.As the target group of the future pension service,the pension security of young and middle-aged people after their aging is closely related to the optimization and improvement of Chinese elderly care policy system.Therefore,it is particularly necessary to arrange the pension system according to the young and middleaged people’s cognition of elderly care responsibility.According to the analysis of CGSS2015 data,it is found out,although more than half of young and middle-aged people agree with the concept that children are responsible for the elderly care,a considerable number of people can accept that other subjects are responsible for the elderly care.This shows that the cognition of elderly care responsibility of young and middle-aged people has emerged a diversified trend.Through classification by building multi-class logistic regression model to analyse the influence factors of young people pension liability in cognitive,it is found out that the satisfaction of young and middle-aged peoples for medical and health services,basic social services,housing services and the distribution balance of public service resources,the convenience of obtaining public services have a significant influence on theirs cognition of elderly care responsibility.It is very necessary to guide the young and middleaged people’s cognition of elderly care responsibility in a direction that is conducive to social development when we confront with the severe pension situation in the future.First of all,it is necessary to clarify the responsibility of the elderly care subject and give play to the multi-subject elderly care function.We should build a diversified elderly care responsibility system with children and governments’support,give full play to the positive role of individuals,and promote the optimization and improvement of the diversified elderly care responsibility sharing mechanism.Secondly,we should pay full attention to the needs of special groups and promote the precise and inclusive supply of elderly care services.We should not only pay attention to the basic pension security for special groups with low education level,limited number of children or no children,or with poor family earnings or singles,but also provide diversified elderly care services in combination with women’s social status and psychological characteristics.Finally,we should improve the efficiency of public service supply and enhance public service satisfaction.The government should focus on improving the quality of medical and health services,actively assume the basic social service functions,expand the supply of public housing,and steadily promote the innovation of old residential buildings not suitable to the old people.It is necessary to give full play to the role of the market in resource allocation and the role of the government in macro-control so as to promote the rational distribution of elderly care service resources.And we should make comprehensive use of big data and other modern scientific and technological means to develop the smart elderly care industry and improve the accessibility of elderly care services.