一般监督制度的中国流变及形态重塑

Changes and Restructuring of General Supervision System in China

一般监督为苏联检察监督制度的核心内容,是以维护国家法制统一为目的,以垂直领导制为保障,面向多元监督对象和程序性的监督方式。我国在引入一般监督制度之后,对其进行了符合中国法制要求的制度设计,在立法中以具体职权予以表述,并为1954年《宪法》所确认,形成了一套符合中国实际的运行机制。在中国实践中,一般监督制度效果有限,存在诸多不符合中国法制发展的困境,在1979年被立法所取消,1982年《宪法》对此也进行了宪法确认。此后,中国基于制度价值和功能将一般监督职权配置到多个机关分别行使,对一般监督制度进行了中国重塑,形成了以人大监督为统摄、法律监督为核心、监察监督为重要内容、行政复议机关法制监督为重要补充的现代制度形态,并将其置于整个权力监督体系之下,使其持续发挥保障中国特色社会主义法治建设的功能。

General supervision is the core content of the Soviet procuratorial supervision system,which is a supervision method aimed at maintaining the unity of the national legal system,taking the vertical leadership system as the guarantee.After being introduced into China,the general supervision system was designed in line with the requirements of China’s legal system,concretized into specific powers by legislation,and confirmed by the Constitution of 1954,forming an operation mechanism in line with China’s actual situation.In Chinese practice,the general supervision system had limited effect,and there were many difficulties marring the development of China’s legal system.Therefore,it was cancelled by the legislation in 1979,which was confirmed by the Constitution in 1982.Since then,based on the institutional value and function,China allocates the general supervision functions and powers to multiple organs respectively,which has reshaped the general supervision system.It has formed a modern institutional form with the supervision of the People’s Congress at the center,legal supervision as the core,inspective supervision as the key content,and legal supervision of the administrative reconsideration organ as an important supplement.Such a system will continue to play the function of guaranteeing the construction of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.