“腐儒”的话语流变与中国儒学转向

The Discourse Change of“Confucian Pedant”and the Turns of Chinese Confucianism

周秦鼎革之际,诸子学派的“非儒”之争与贵族们质疑“儒效”同构了“腐儒”话语生成的思想场域。为建立健康的学政关系,荀子强调“君子必辩”,着力清理屈尊于势的参政儒人,于当时建构出“腐儒”原型以供学术批判。进入帝制时代,“腐儒”话语政治化,经由官方建构出新的话语霸权,逼迫着儒学两度转向:一是从“进取”转向“守成”;二是将先儒的道德哲学调适成一份廉政学说,率以维护帝国行政安全为首任。伴随着近代治权危机,“腐儒误国”之论鹊起,它又大体折射出人文与科技、东方与西方文明对话的多重冲突。全球民主化进程中,资本与市场的双重渗透既催生出真正的腐败之儒,又将下层儒学庸俗化为“腐蚀”大众的工具。总之,一部围绕“腐儒”的汉语概念流变史,既刻记下古代儒学应对治权变迁的跌宕起伏及思想得失,又映照出近现代儒学的发展困境与选择偏向,能从一个侧面深化认知中国儒学史。

At the time of dynasty change of Zhou and Qin,the dispute of“non-Confucianism”among various schools and the question of“Confucian effect”from aristocrats gave birth to the ideological field of“Confucian Pedant”.In order to establish a healthy relationship between learning and politics,Xunzi emphasized that“a gentleman must debate.”aiming at cleaning the Confucian scholars who condescended to power.That constructed the original academic criticism of the“Pedant”.Into the age of autocratic monarchy,“Pedantic discourse”was made political and became a kind of hegemony through the official construction.It forced Confucianism to turn twice:first,it is from“enterprising”to“conservative”;then,it turned the moral philosophy of the Confucian predecessors into a doctrine of clean government,with the primary responsibility of safeguarding the imperial administrative security.With the crisis of modern governance,the discussion of“The Confucian Pedant do harm to the Country”was on the rise.It reflected the multiple conflicts between humanities and sci-tech,between eastern and western civilizations.In the process of global democratization,the dual penetration of capital and market not only gave birth to the real corrupt pedants but also changed the lower Confucianism into a tool which corrupted public.All in all,the changing history of Confucian pedants marked the ups and downs of confrontation between archaic scholars and politics and gain and loss of thoughts.It also reflected the dilemma of Confucianism development and tendency.From which we can get deeper understanding of Chinese Confucianism history.