从现在无用转向现在有用:儿童健全发展的应然取向

Moving from the Now-useless to the Now-useful: The Necessary Orientation of Children’s Sound Development

当下,儿童的活动明显地侧倾于未来导向。这导致儿童社会化的片面化,儿童现时的生存状态、需要和欲望被忽视,儿童自发的天性被扼制,儿童的身心健康受损害,儿童社会化的家庭环境被破坏和家庭生活的幸福受减损。儿童的活动侧倾于未来导向的原因在于决定性模型理论的线性思维方式对儿童活动的影响,学校教育漠视和排斥儿童基于同辈集体活动而形成的同辈文化,父母对儿童安全问题的日益关注和组织化活动对父母照顾孩子的替代,沉重的应试、升学压力,学前教育与小学教育的衔接目无儿童。为了促进儿童健全发展,儿童的现在无用应转向现在有用。为此,在儿童文化观上,应充分肯定儿童同辈文化对儿童心理健康、发展和确保其终身发展的意义和社会价值;在儿童发展的思维方式上,应确立建构主义理论模型的非线性化思维方式;在儿童发展的时间哲学上,应高度重视儿童现在的生活;在儿童社会化的途径上,应较以往更加重视儿童的非学科性学习和非组织性的同辈集体活动;在学前教育与小学教育的衔接上,应从注重“幼小衔接”转向注重“小幼衔接”。

At present, children’s activities are obviously skewed towards a future orientation. This orientation leads to the one-sided socialization of children. It disregards the current living status of children, overlooks their needs and desires, stifles their nature, damages their physical and mental health, destroys their socialized family environment and diminishes the well-being of family life. The reasons for the lateral orientation of children’s activities to the future are the dominant influence of the linear thinking way of the deterministic model theory on children’s activities, the disregard and rejection by school education of children’s peer culture based on peer group activities, the growing concern of parents for children’s safety, the substitutability of organized activities for parental care of children, the heavy pressure of exams and schooling and the connection between preschool and primary education without children. In order to promote children’s sound development, the present uselessness of the child should be shifted to the present usefulness. To this end, in terms of cultural concepts, the significance and social value of children’s peer culture for children’s mental health, children’s development, and ensuring individual lifelong development should be fully affirmed;in terms of the thinking mode on children’s development, the non-linearized thinking way of the constructivist theoretical model should be established;in terms of the time philosophy on children’s development, their present life should be highly valued;in terms of children’s socialization, more attention should be paid to children’s non-disciplinary learning and non-organized peer group activities;in terms of the convergence between preschool education and primary education, the focus should be shifted from the “transition from kindergarten to primary school” to the “transition from primary school to kindergarten”.