代际矛盾下韩国的“老人政治”与“青年政治”探析

The Intergenerational Conflict in South Korea:The “Gerontocracy” and the “Youth Politics”

韩国正面临愈发严重的老龄化和少子化现象,且老龄化和少子化在不断加剧不同年龄层的矛盾,尤其激化了对分配与再分配政策持有较高敏感度的青年层与老年层的代际矛盾。在韩国社会,代际矛盾主要围绕就业和福利政策展开。在代际矛盾不断反复并相互作用的过程中,韩国各党派之间持续进行政治斗争,形成偏向特定世代的政策。由此,不同年龄层的政治理念分歧愈发扩大,代际矛盾进一步加剧。由于老龄化现象在韩国愈发普遍,占据更大人口基数的老年一代享有更多话语权,“老人政治”应运而生,老年群体的福利压倒性超过青年群体的福利,针对青年层不平等的分配与再分配政策愈发凸显。在“老人政治”盛行的背景下,青年群体的诉求与利益得不到保障,产生了需要在政治层面解决世代间不平等问题的想法,最终形成了“青年政治”。在韩国,对现状感到不满的青年群体迫切渴望改变韩国政坛,变革韩国固化的社会结构,在政治参与中作出了新的尝试。

The serious phenomenon of aging and fewer children in South Korea is aggravating the conflict between different age groups,especially intensifying the intergenerational conflict over employment and welfare between the young and the old,who are highly sensitive to distribution and redistribution.With repeated intergenerational conflicts and interactions,the political parties in South Korea struggle against each other and policies that favor certain generations are made accordingly.As a result,differences in political ideology between different age groups are widening,and intergenerational contradictions are further aggravated.The common aging phenomenon enables the elderly,who occupy a larger population base,enjoy more voice,and the“gerontocracy”thus emerges.The welfare of the elderly overwhelmingly exceeds that of the young,and the unequal distribution and redistribution for the young are increasingly prominent.The appeals and interests of the youth group could not be guaranteed,resulting in the need to solve the intergenerational inequality at the political level,and finally forming the“youth politics”.In South Korea,young people who are dissatisfied with the status quo and eager to change the politics and the rigid social structure have made new attempts in political participation.