地方志与“村落”叙事的经典化——关于《白鹿原》的一个小说史命题探讨

Chorography and the Canonization of Village Narrative: the Discussion on Fiction History of White Deer Plain

与文化层面的“乡土”有别,村落属自然、社会形态。现代以来叙写乡村的小说,多以“乡土文学”名之,侧重其文化内涵,“传统与现代”的论辩成为论“乡土文学”必备的思想装置。长期以来,“乡土文学”研究出现了概念化、观念化,多由此而引发。与其他乡土叙事不同,《白鹿原》是一种中性的“村落”叙事,作家以地方志、传说等民间史为基,将散落的小历史凝聚为独特的村落秘史,小说兼具史诗的厚重与文学的灵动。白鹿传说,白鹿村陈设的门楼、祠堂、戏台、六棱砖塔等建筑,在充当文化符号之同时,构成了叙事的内在动力。《白鹿原》对地方志的文学化用与村落的文化赋形,也为当代文学如实地反映村落形态,提供了方法论参考。

Differing from the cultural concept of native-soil, village is a natural and social concept. The academia tends to name village fiction as native-soil literature, which emphasizes the culture connotations of it. The arguments about tradition and modernity are essential for native-soil literature studies. However, it has led to the conceptualization and idealization of nativesoil literature studies. Compared to commonly seen village narrative, White Deer Plain is based on chorography, legend and other resources, making micro-history a unique secret history of village. The legend of white deer, the gatehouse, ancestral temple, stage and brick pagoda in White Deer Village are culture symbols as well as the narrative power of White Deer Plain. The fiction’s literary approach also provides methodological reference for contemporary Chinese literature’s village narrative.