敦煌蒙书《武王家教》中唐代童蒙“认知”教育解析——以“九愚”为中心

An Analysis of the“Cognitive”Education of Children in Tang Dynasty in Dunhuang Primer Wuwang Jiajiao(Family Disciplines of King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty)with the Focus on“Nine Foolish Behaviors”

考释敦煌蒙书《武王家教》中“九愚”的含义,解析其文化内涵,对深度解析其与唐代童蒙教育、家教的关系颇为重要。“九愚”行为可分为三类:耽酒逐色、求财不足、好衣薄德、悭贪恡惜是背离儒家重德轻物等主流价值观的认知偏差“愚”行;自谈己善、好说他人、妒嫉胜己则是言语不善方面的“愚”行;行恶不虑、被辱不耻反映的是知过不改,不明事理的“愚”行。《武王家教》不仅将“九愚”行为判定为认知方面的偏差,而且也是造成“人命长短不等”和个人身份贵贱的影响因素。因此,子弟应该远离酒色、重德轻物、谨言慎行、谦虚礼让、知耻后勇、积善弃恶,杜绝“九愚”行为,建立良好的“认知”观念,树立人生远大目标,达到修身、立身的目的。

Through textual research and interpretation of the meaning of the“Nine Foolish Behaviors”in Dunhuang Primer Wuwang Jiajiao(Family Disciplines of King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty),this paper analyzes their cultural connotation,and make an in-depth analysis on their relationship with childhood education and family education in the Tang Dynasty(618BC-907BC).The“Nine Foolish Behaviors”can be divided into three categories.Some foolish behaviors are cognitive deviation from the mainstream values of Confucianism,such as paying attention to morality and neglecting material comforts,including being addicted to wine and women,seeking wealth without satisfaction,wearing gaudy clothes while ignoring morality,and being sparing in giving and using.Some foolish behaviors are poor speech,including talking about your own goodness,gossiping about others,and being jealous of those who are ahead of you or better than you.Some foolish behaviors reflect lack of common sense and clinging to mistakes even when realizing it,including doing evil without worrying and not feeling ashamed when humiliated.Wuwang Jiajiao finds the“Nine Foolish Behaviors”not only cognitive deviations,but also influential factors for the length of one’s life span and personal status.Therefore,it warns children to stay away from drunken debauchery,to value virtue over material things,to be cautious in words and deeds,to be modest and courteous,to be conscious of shame and mend their ways so as to be near fortitude,to accumulate merits and kick bad deeds,thus put an end to the“Nine Foolish Behaviors,”establish a good“cognitive value,”set up a lofty goal in life,and achieve the purpose of self-cultivation and conduct themselves in society.