意识、自我意识与精神——黑格尔《伦理体系》中的欲望辩证法

Consciousness,Self-Consciousness and Spirit:On Hegel’s Desire Dialectics in His System of Ethical Life

黑格尔在《伦理体系》中展现了不同于人们所熟知的那个客观唯心主义者的形象。在这部著作中,黑格尔将人在经验意识中的欲望及其满足作为构建道德主体的基础,进而在物质生产维度塑造了个体在市民生活中的存在形式。从自然的本能欲望出发,黑格尔论述了朴素的家庭道德关系,并从家庭的解体和道德的冲突中阐明个体自我意识的形成过程,并据此论述了从道德向伦理的过渡方式。而在精神这个最后环节中,个体完全是从绝对伦理性出发来实现其欲望的满足,这是欲望辩证法的最高阶段,在这个作为民族精神的阶段,个体既达到了保存其个体性的目的,又实现了与共同体的同一。黑格尔认为此时个体才真正实现了其作为正义和自由主体的最终目的。

In his System of Ethical Life has Hegel showed a different image from the well-known objective idealist,wherein he took the desire and its satisfaction in empirical consciousness as the basis for constructing a moral subject.And then he has shaped the existential form of individuals in Civil Society with the dimension of material production.Starting from the natural instinctive desire,he has discussed the simple family moral relationship,and discussed the developing process of individual self-consciousness from the disintegration of the family and the conflict of morality,and then discussed the transition from morality to ethics.In the last link of spirit,the individuals start from absolute ethics to realize the satisfaction of his desires.This is the highest stage of dialectics of desires.In this stage as the national spirit,the individual has achieved the purpose of preserving his individuality.It also realizes the identity with the community,so here,Hegel believed that the individual truly realizes his ultimate purpose as the subject of justice and freedom.