超越论现象学的边界——论胡塞尔的原事实形而上学

The Boundary of Transcendental Phenomenology:On Husserl’s Metaphysics of Original Facts

形而上学的最终课题,被胡塞尔指认为“绝对存在的事实”或“原事实”(Urtatsachen)。与个别性的、相对性的实存者的事实性不同,超越论自我之存在的事实性是绝对的事实性,而非本质必然性的偶然的现实化,相反,在为一切本质必然性及现实性奠基的意义上,超越论自我的绝对事实还是“原必然性”“原事实”。原事实自身“裂解”为世界之拥有、交互主体性、历史与神等诸原构件,这种多方展开的辐式结构乃原事实自身关涉的方式,一切本质必然性都蕴含其中。原事实先行于本质与实存、可能性与现实性等传统形而上学的核心范畴,因而同时也构成了超越论现象学的边界。这种形而上学仍然得名现象学形而上学,是因为原事实唯有方法论地奠基于现象学的直观明见性才得以被建构。

The ultimate theme of metaphysics is designated by Husserl as “facts of the absolute Being” or “original facts”(Urtatsachen). In contrast to the facticity of individual, relative existence, the facticity of existence of transcendental ego is the absolute one, rather than some accidental realization of essential necessities. Furthermore in the sense of founding all essential necessities and actualities, the absolute fact of transcendental ego is exactly the “original necessity” or “original fact”. The original fact splits up into some original components, including having of the world, intersubjectivity, history and the God etc. This radial structure is exactly the way the original fact relates to itself and thereby also the way the origin of all essential necessities is formed. The original fact precedes metaphysical categories, including the fundamental ones like essence and existence, possibility and actuality, and therefore it constitutes the boundary of transcendental phenomenology. The reason of that such a kind of metaphysics is still called phenomenological metaphysics is that the original fact can be constructed only when methodologically founded on the intuitive evidence of phenomenology.