意向行动摹写形式——解读安斯康姆对“意向”概念的刻画

The Description Form of Intentional Action:An Interpretation of Anscombe’s Concept of“Intention”

安斯康姆的《意向》一书翻开了行动哲学,在某种意义上也是知识论研究的新篇章。它从语言分析的视角刻画“意向”概念,指出“意向的”标记的是一种事件的摹写形式,可以称之为意向行动摹写形式,而不是对某些事件之特定的特征或属性的指称,也不是对伴随或开启行动的内在状态或特殊内在事件的描述。该形式在具体的语言实践中隐藏于多种多样的表层语法之下,借助特定的“为什么”问题和对行动中的临场非证成之知识或信念的引入,这一形式得以彰显。意向行动的基本摹写形式分为整合式与分列式两类,还有五种基本的瑕疵摹写形式,而意向表达只是从属于意向行动摹写形式中的某种特定的摹状取值状况。

Anscombe’s Intention opens up the philosophy of action,and in a sense,it is a new chapter in the study of epistemology.It characterizes the concept of“intention”from the perspective of linguistic analysis,pointing out that“intentional”marks a form of description of an event,which can be called the description form of intentional action,rather than referring to the specific characteristics or attributes of certain events,or describing the internal state or special internal events accompanying or opening an action.This form is hidden in a variety of surface grammar in specific language practice,and is highlighted with the help of specific“why?”question and the introduction of on-the-spot unproven knowledge or belief in action.The basic description forms of intentional action can be divided into two types:the integral form and the separate form.There are also five basic defective description forms.And the expression of intention is only subordinate to a specific description condition in the description form of intentional action.