防卫行为伤及第三人的法教义学分析

Legal Dogmatics Analysis of the Third Party Injured by Defensive Action

从法教义学的视角看,防卫行为伤及第三人的本质乃“打击错误”,既往的正当防卫说、紧急避险说、假想防卫说以及假想避险说忽视了行为的本质,误解了行为的流程,存在根本性的不足。在运用打击错误的原理时,需以具体符合说为前提,承认该行为原则上具有违法性,着重分析防卫人的责任所在。当防卫人在具有预见可能性时成立过失犯罪,但若其不具备期待可能性则减免其责任;当防卫人不具有预见可能性时,则以意外事件进行处理;若防卫人当时的主观心态即是故意,则不影响故意犯罪的成立。

From the perspective of legal dogmatics, the essence of the third party injured by defensive action is‘combat error’. Previous theories of justifiable defense, emergency avoidance, hypothetical defense and hypothetical avoidance ignore the nature of behavior, misunderstand the process of behavior, and have fundamental deficiencies.When using the principle of combat errors, it is necessary to recognize the illegality of the act in principle on the premise of specific compliance, and focus on analyzing the responsibility of the defender. When the defender has the foreseeable possibility, a crime of negligence should be established;but if it does not have the expected possibility, its responsibility should be relieved.When the defender does not have the foreseeable possibility, it should be handled asaccident;if the defender’s subjective mentality at that time is intentional, it does not affect the establishment of intentional crime.