镜鉴与变通:宋代士大夫的援史经邦

Mirror and Flexibility: The Song Dynasty Scholar-officials’ Taking History as Guidance for Governance

历史观常作为宋代士大夫理政的理论来源,为他们的政治主张提供思想依据。具体来说,士大夫常以前代贤明帝王的品质和修为要求本朝帝王参照,以达到辅佐“圣君”的人生理想;通过对前代治民措施的学习借鉴,基于以民为本的理念维护灾荒及动乱时期的社会秩序;在处理民族关系方面,积极主动寻求历史经验,以道德感化代替武力冲突,并通过充分解读澶渊精神贯彻以和为贵的主张。另外,士大夫针对时弊也展开了对历史“故事”的反思,一些掌握政治话语权的士大夫通过借助对历史事件的再诠释,以期望实现某种政治目的。士大夫的历史观可根据“时”“势”的不同而变通,以适应复杂多变的政治生活,对现实政治发挥更好的镜鉴作用。

Historical view is often used as a theoretical source for Song Dynasty scholar-officials to govern the government, and provides an ideological basis for their political ideas. Specifically, they hoped the emperors had the merits of the former wise emperors in order to achieve the ideal of assisting the “sage-king”;learning previous measures to govern the people, based on the people-oriented concept to maintain social order in times of famine and turmoil;in the handling of ethnic relations, they actively sought historical experience, interpret the spirit of Chan Yuan to replace force with moral indoctrination, avoiding conflict. In addition, scholar-officials reflected on history in response to the shortcomings of the times, elite of scholar-officials rely on the reinterpretation of history or events to achieve certain political goals. In summary, historical view can be flexible according to the different circumstance to adapt to the complex and changeable political life and play a better mirror role in realpolitik.