晚清温州教育改革场域中地方士绅的新旧派分与竞合关系

Division, Competition and Cooperation Relationship of Local Gentry in the Field of Wenzhou Education Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty

近代以来,从晚清绅权的膨胀到现代知识精英阶层的兴起,再到新乡贤的回归,士绅阶层与地方治理的话题因事关基层社会的现代转型而经久不衰。回顾晚清温州兴学场域中的士绅角色会发现,随着晚清政府权威的日益式微,士绅阶层对地方社会的影响却与日俱增,并达到一个历史顶峰。他们在教育改革场域中各显身手,共同致力于地方教育维新,但知识共同体内部也在不断分化,呈现出错综复杂的竞合关系,并且开启了传统士绅向现代知识精英的转型历程。通过诒善祠塾、求志社、温处学务处、文成会等案例,具体而微地呈现晚清温州士绅在教育革新场域中的新旧派分与竞合关系,无疑可以为实现自治、法治和德治“三治合一”的地方治理能力现代化提供历史镜鉴和有益启示。

Since modern times, from the expansion of gentry power in the late Qing Dynasty, to the rise of modern intellectual elites, and then to the return of new rural sages, the topic of gentry and local governance has been enduring because of its relation to the modern transformation of grass-roots society. Reviewing the role of the gentry in the field of starting schools in Wenzhou in the late Qing Dynasty, we can find that with the decline of the government authority in the late Qing Dynasty, the influence of the gentry stratum on local society grew day by day, and reached a historical peak. They showed their respective skills in the field of education reform and were jointly committed to the local education reform, but their own groups were also constantly divided, showing a complex competition and cooperation relationship, and opening the transition process from traditional gentry to modern intellectual elites. This paper, based on such typical cases as Yishan Ancestral School, Qiuzhi Community, Wenchu Academic Affairs Office and Wencheng Association,concretely presents the division, competition and cooperation relationship between the old and new schools of Wenzhou gentry in the field of education reform in the late Qing Dynasty, and briefly discusses its practical enlightenment for the modernization of local governance featuring autonomy, rule of law and rule of virtue.