贡赋·本草·商品:从蕲州白花蛇看明代“道地药材”体系的形成

Royal Tribute,TCM and Merchandise:HistoricalAnalysis on the Formatinon of Daodi Herbs System in the Ming Dynasty——A Case Study of Qizhou Baihua Snake

明代“道地”一词多用来表示物品质量优越,优质药材可称为“道地药材”,从蕲州白花蛇的案例可以看出“道地药材”在明代的发展。白花蛇是唐以来诸多地方上贡至中央的珍贵药材,至明代白花蛇贡地逐渐缩减为蕲州一个,这与明人对蕲州所产质优效佳的认识相关。明代“道地药材”知识的形成离不开本草著述的塑造,明代本草巨著《本草纲目》中“蕲蛇”成为优质白花蛇的别名,书中记述其毒性小、宜入药等优点。蕲州医家李时珍对“蕲蛇”的本草知识书写得到当时、后世的重视与认可,随着出版业发展向通俗性文本扩充,产生深远影响。明中叶以后,赋税改革和白银货币化使地方官府征收土贡的方式变得灵活多样,蕲蛇可折银采购,社会经济变革促进药材商业化,兴起“道地药材”消费之风,是为中国道地药材发展史的重要节点。蕲州白花蛇从地方特产到“道地药材”、从贡品到商品的转变,揭示出明代“道地药材”体系不仅是贡赋制度、本草著述、商业贸易多重因素构建的产物,还与社会经济发展产生复杂的互塑关系。

In the Ming Dynasty,the word“Daodi”was often used to indicate the goods had superior quality,and superior quality medicinal materials could be called“Daodi herbs”.The case study of the Qizhou Baihua Snake shows the development of“Daodi herbs”in the Ming Dynasty.The Qizhou Baihua Snake was a precious medicinal material that had been donated to the central government by many places since the Tang Dynasty.Till the Ming Dynasty,the tribute area of Qizhou Baihua Snake was gradually reduced to one place that was Qizhou.The formation of the knowledge of“Daodi herbs”in the Ming Dynasty could not be separated from the shaping of Bencao gangmu(Systematic Materia Medica),and described the advantages of“Qi-she”(superior Baihua snake)was the suitability for medicine.The knowledge about“Qi-she”was written by Qizhou physician Li Shizhen was valued and recognized at that time and by the later generations.With the development of publishing industry,it had a profound impact.Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the reform of social economy had promoted the commercialization of medicinal materials and the rise of the consumption of“Daodi herbs”that was an important point in the development history of Chinese Daodi herbs.The transformation of the Qizhou Baihua Snake from tribute to commodity revealed that the Daodi herbs system in the Ming Dynasty was not only the product of multiple factors such as tribute system,Materia Medica writings and commercial trade,but also had a complex interrelationship with the development of social economy.