坛城:藏传佛教中国化的人类学解读

Mandala:The“Sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism”and Its Anthropological Interpretation

本文尝试揭示位于川青交界的果洛和色达如何在19世纪成为藏族眼中代表佛教宇宙的坛城。除了呼应当代人类学对“地方”概念的重构,这个发现还能证明这片历史上远离国家政治中心的牧区曾存在一个从文明边缘成长为中心的想象。费孝通在论及藏彝走廊时有“一子相连,全盘皆活”的期许,挖掘藏区边缘坛城宇宙观的历史有助于实现这个愿景,与东南亚人类学的比较则可为藏传佛教中国化的历史表征提供一个人类学解读。

This article examines the way in which Tibetans saw the regions of Golok and Serta on the border of Qinghai and Sichuan provinces as two mandalic landscapes that represent Buddhist cosmology in the nineteenth century.In addition to echoing contemporary anthropological reconstructions of the concept of“place”,this discovery also proves the existence of an imagination in which these two nomadic regions,historically far from the political center of the state,grew from the cultural periphery to the center.Fei Xiaotong had expected about making the“Tibetan-Yi corridor”a promising domain for generating trans-regional theories.Exploring the development of mandalic cosmology on the margins of Tibet helps to fulfill Fei's expectation,and a conversation with Southeast Asian anthropology can provide an anthropological interpretation of the historical evidence of the“sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism”.