从“部落国家”到“民族国家”——论19世纪后期阿富汗国家建构对部落社会的超越

From“Tribal Statet”to“Nation-State”:On the Transcendence of the Tribal Society in Afghan State Building in the Late 19^(th)Century

部落是近代以来阿富汗普遍存在的社会组织形式。1747年阿富汗建国之后,杜兰尼王朝在经济、安全和政治合法性等方面严重依赖部落社会,属于“部落国家”。19世纪后期,拉赫曼国王从英属印度获得补助,借此建设现代常备军和忠君的官僚体系;将宗教集团纳入国家控制,避免其与部落联合;通过宗教赋予统治合法性,从而确立了对部落社会的直接统治,在一定程度上打破了部落社会的割据和自治状态。这塑造了现代阿富汗国家,但也成为现代阿富汗诸多问题的逻辑原点。拉赫曼对现代国家的形塑有其限度,他并未解决国家集权与部落分权的道路之争,也为彻底瓦解部落社会和宗教力量的自治性,对外部援助的依赖又为后续的外部干涉打开了大门。这些问题在当代阿富汗仍有回响。

Tribes are a common form of social organization in Afghanistan since modern times.After the founding of Afghanistan in 1747,the Durrani Dynasty was a"tribal state",relying heavily on the tribal society in terms of economy,security and political legitimacy.In the late 19th century,Abdur Rahman Khan received subsidies from British India to build a modern standing army and a loyal bureaucracy;brought Ulema under state control to avoid its alliance with tribes;and gained legitimacy from religion.In such a way,he established the direct rule over the tribal society and broke the state of division and autonomy of the tribal society to a certain extent.Abdur Rahman brought the modern Afghan state in shape,but he left many problems for the contemporary Afghanistan.Rahman's shaping of the modern state had its limits,which failed to resolve the conflict between the centralization of the state and the decentralization of tribal power,nor did he completely dismantle the autonomy of the tribal society and religious forces.In addition,the dependence on external assistance opened the door for subsequent external intervention.These problems still have echoes in Afghanistan today.