百年乡村教师政策演进:历程、逻辑与取向

The Evolution of Rural Teacher Policy in the Past Century:Trajectory,Logic and Orientation

乡村教师是乡村教育发展的关键,也是落实乡村振兴战略的主力军,所以,梳理建党百年来的乡村教师政策具有很强的现实意义,有利于认清内在运行规律并指导未来发展。借助历史制度主义的分析框架,从结构观和历史观剖析特定宏观社会背景中乡村教师政策的嬗变特点、路径依赖特征、促成路径依赖的经典要素及导致制度断裂的关键节点。研究发现:乡村教师作为政策的规定对象逐渐从关联性政策的影子走向了正位;政策内容对乡村教师的关照实现了从强制性政策引导到物质关怀的条件吸引;政策工具体系由单一的教育类政策形成了多元、联动的多领域政策联合;乡村教师政策精神实现了从主要满足政治需求、寻求教师和教育的工具性作用到追求发挥教师和教育的本体功能转变。但是,目前多维联动的政策工具效应尚未发挥到位,乡村教师的角色定位还未达到应有的高度,常态化、长效化的教师培养并未形成,同时政策还未重视基于保证政策实效而建立健全有力的监督反馈机制。为推动乡村教师立足乡村大地,做乡村振兴和乡村教育现代化的推动者和实践者,未来的政策转变中需要更加精准地解决乡村教师发展内生动力问题,推动标本兼治、以本带标的变革。

Rural teachers are the key for the development of rural education,it is also the main force to carry out the rural revitalization strategy,so it is of great practical significance to comb the rural teachers’policy since the founding of the party.With the aid of the analytical method of historical institutionalism,from the perspective of structure and history,this paper analyses the characteristics of the evolution of rural teachers’policy,the characteristics of path dependence and the classical factors that contribute to path dependence,as well as the key nodes that lead to the break of the system.It is found that the rural teachers,as the object of the policy,have gradually moved from the shadow of the relevant policy to the right position,and the policy content has realized the conditional attraction from the compulsory policy guidance to the material care;the policy tool system has formed the multi-domain policy union by the single education policy;the policy spirit of rural teachers has changed from mainly satisfying political needs,seeking the instrumental role of teachers and education to pursue the ontological function of teachers and education.However,at present,the multi-dimensional linkage policy tool effect has not been put into effect,and the role orientation of rural teachers has not yet reached its proper height,we will promote change that addresses both the symptoms and root causes,and that addresses both the symptoms and root causes.