多元医疗的行动者网络——以四川省凉山彝族自治州布拖县为例

The Actor-Network of Medical Pluralism: Case Study on Butuo County in Liangshan Prefecture

长期以来,以传统彝医药、生物医学与现代中药为代表的“药解”,以及以仪式治疗为代表的“神解”,共同构成了凉山彝族“神药两解”的多元医疗体系。通过对四川省凉山彝族自治州布拖县所展开的人类学田野调查,本文借助行动者网络的对称性原则,试图对称化考量“疾病—人”的关系样态,建立一个超越以人为中心的分析框架,探析多元医疗体系的内部差异与微观运作模式。本文重点阐释了多元医疗内部的异质性。“治病”的过程本质是调解疾病—人关系的过程,是核心行动者领衔并调动多元医疗行动者网络中治病之药、治病之术以及治病之物,以实现与疾病达致平衡状态的行动过程。同时本文跟随当地村民的治病行动过程,以关系性的视角重新厘清凉山彝族多元医疗网络中的行动者及其动态行动轨迹。凉山彝族多元医疗的行动者网络表明,一方面,多元医疗的治病过程是人与非人、神解与药解、历史与当下等各种关系相互缠绕、不断生成的过程性行动。正是这一系列异质性行动扭合为一种关联性的存在模式,最终成为凉山彝族多元医疗行动者网络。另一方面,多元医疗行动者网络具有本体论、认知论以及方法论的三重意涵,为后续进一步深挖多元医疗的异质性提供了可供参考的研究视角以及对话的可能。

For a long time, the “medical solution” represented by traditional ethnic Yi medicine, biomedicine and modern Chinese medicine, and the “divine solution” represented by ritual therapy, together constitute the diversified medical system of “two divine medicine solutions” of the ethnic Yi people. Through the anthropological field survey of Butuo County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, this article adopted the symmetry principle of the actor network, while tried to symmetrically consider the relationship between “disease-people”, establish a beyond people-centered analysis framework, analyze the internal differences and micro operation mode of multiple medical system. This paper focuses on explaining the heterogeneity within diversified medical treatments.The essence of the process of “curing disease” is the process of mediating the disease-human relationship. It is the process of action in which the core actors lead and mobilize the medicine, techniques and things in the network of multiple medical actors, so as to achieve a balance with the disease.At the same time, this paper follows the treatment process of local villagers, and explores the actors and their dynamic action track in the diversified medical treatment of Yi people in Qingliang Mountain from a relational perspective.The actor network of diversified medical treatment of Liangshan Yi ethnic people intends to indicate that, on the one hand, the treatment process of diversified medical treatment is a process action of intertwined and continuously generated relationships between human and non-human, divine solution and drug solution, history and present.It is this series of heterogeneous actions that twist into a mode of relevance and eventually becomes the multiple medical actor network of Liangshan Yi ethnic people.On the other hand, the network of multiple medical actors has three meanings of ontology, cognition and methodology, which provides a research perspective and the possibility of dialogue for further exploration on the heterogeneity of multiple medical treatment.