开放性公共场所疏散引导人布局优化研究——以上海市徐汇区滨江绿地空间为例

Allocation optimization of evacuation leaders in open public places:A case study of Binjiang Green Space in Xuhui District,Shanghai

应急疏散引导在城市开放性公共场所安全建设中有着重要的意义。为解决应急疏散初期引导人的空间布局问题,论文考虑障碍物对通视性的影响、引导人的空间覆盖范围及距离衰减效应、可引导人员数量阈值等条件,基于粒子群算法和渐进覆盖模型,构建了一种新的开放性公共场所疏散引导人布局优化方法;并以上海市徐汇区滨江绿地空间为例,进行疏散引导人的布局优化,并基于疏散智能体模型,开展应急疏散引导模拟,比较优化前后的疏散效率,来验证该方法的可行性;同时,考虑到不同时间段人群分布的差异性,开展该区域内疏散引导人责任区的动态规划。实证结果表明:不同时刻研究区的疏散引导人需求量不同,与疏散人员数量成正比;疏散引导人布局优化后的疏散时间成本要远低于人为布设情景下的疏散时间成本;疏散引导人责任区的划分有助于在引导人数量有限的情况下,明确每个引导人负责的区域以及采取的日常安全防范方式。研究可为开放性公共场所疏散引导人空间布设提供决策依据,降低公共场所的潜在安全风险,促进城市公共安全建设。

Emergency evacuation guidance is important in the safety planning of urban open public places.In order to solve the problem of spatial allocation of evacuation leaders at the early stage of emergency evacuation,a new allocation optimization method of evacuation leaders in open public places was built based on the particle swarm algorithm and gradual covering model.The method considers the influence of obstacles on the intervisibility,the spatial covering range,the distance decay effect of leaders’guidance,and the guided evacuee number threshold for each evacuation leader.Taking Binjiang Green Space in Xuhui District,Shanghai Municipality as an example,we conducted the allocation optimization of evacuation leaders.Using the agentbased evacuation model,emergency evacuation guidance simulations were conducted to verify the feasibility of the method by comparing the evacuation efficiency before and after the optimization.Meanwhile,considering the difference of crowd distributions in several time periods of a day,the dynamic planning of leaders’responsibility areas was conducted.The analysis results show that the demands for evacuation leaders varied at different moments and were proportional to the number of evacuees.The evacuation time cost of the optimized evacuation leader allocation scenario was much lower than that of the artificial allocation scenario.The division of the evacuation leaders’responsibility areas helped to clarify the area that each leader was responsible for and the daily safety precautions that should be taken under the limited leader number situation.This study can provide a decision basis for the spatial allocation of evacuation leaders in urban open public places,reduce the potential safety risks,and promote the construction of urban public safety.