天人之际的思想谱系和历史脉络——先秦诸子思想论纲

Intellectual Genealogy and Historical Context of Relationship between Nature and Man:An Outline of Thoughts of Pre-Qin Philosophers

此文尝试利用天人关系这一核心议题,在思想和历史两个层面建立理解先秦诸子的整体视野。此文的第一部分总结并反思了近代以来的诸子学研究,认为“周文疲敝”说尚未真正指出诸子的核心关切,而“哲学突破”说曲解了中国思想自身的问题意识和义理。随后,此文认为早期中国思想的核心问题是天人之间的紧张关系,表现为变幻莫测的天意或不确定性带来的失序,由此呈现了儒、道、法、墨诸家如何回应这一问题,分别描述了诸家的特征和差别,并初步建立先秦诸子思想的谱系。最后,本文从晚周到汉初的历史和政治秩序的角度切入,呈现了这一谱系在该时期的形态变化。

This article attempts to use the core issue of the relationship between nature and man to establish a holistic vision for understanding the pre-Qin philosophers at the two levels of thought and history. The first part of this article combs through and reflects on the study of philosophers from modern times then on, arguing that the view that “Values and Rituals of Western Zhou Dynasty could no longer gain recognition since the Spring and Autumn Period” has not revealed philosophers’ central concerns, and the“philosophical breakthrough” theory misinterprets the problem awareness and meaning of Chinese thought itself. The core problem of early Chinese thought is the tense relationship between nature and man manifested by the disorder caused by unpredictable providence or uncertainty. This article illustrates how Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, and Mohism respond to this question and display characteristics and differences of the these schools, thus establishing an initial genealogy of the pre-Qin philosophers. From the perspective of history and political order, the article presents the morphological change in the genealogy from the late Zhou Dynasty through the early Han Dynasty.