CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Cerium oxide(CeO_(2)),one of the most significant rare-earth oxides,has attracted considerable interest over the past decades.This is primarily due to the ease in Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)redox ability as well as other factors that affect the efficacy of CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based materials.CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based materials have shown enhanced responses in catalytic and photocatalytic activities for environmental and biological applications.In addition,the formation of Ce^(3+)and oxygen vacancies in CeO_(2)has aided in enhancing CeO_(2)activities.In order to produce oxygen-deficient CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based materials,a variety of synthesis methods were used and are highlighted in this review.Therefore,this review compiles and discusses the mechanisms that involve oxygen vacancies,defects,and Ce^(3+)formation for environmental applications,such as photocatalytic dye degradation,photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction,and non-colored pollutants removal.The biological applications of CeO_(2),such as antioxidant enzyme mimetic,antioxidant reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species,and antimicrobial activities,are also discussed.Additionally,future prospects are also suggested for future development and detailed investigations.