“一带一路”视阈下“箜篌”语源之考辨与商榷

A Study and Discussion on the Etymology of “Konghou” under the Perspective of “One Belt and One Road”

箜篌是我国古代区别于琴瑟的有圆柱状调音通品的弹拨类弦乐器,《汉语外来词词典》认为即突厥语的qobuz/qūpūz。根据“一带一路”视阈下的国家民族与中国古代之关系,通过考古实物、考古图像及相关语音和器形调查等综合研判,发现qobuz/qūpūz是一种吹奏乐器,与箜篌的拨弦乐器不同类。就箜篌的语源,笔者倾向于古代亚述帝国在公元前19世纪就已经流行的卡农qanun/kanun,在流经地新疆维吾尔语(突厥语)中称为卡龙qalon。从器形来看,卡农琴很可能是中国古代卧箜篌的原型,大约在公元前6世纪至公元前4世纪由古波斯经新疆传入汉地,其槽体的制作材料逐渐改用竹子,槽体形状由梯形变为类似中国古代琴瑟的长方形。竖琴类箜篌harp,在古波斯叫坎克cang/cank,其发音也与“箜篌”较为接近,是伴随着佛教的东传而进入汉地的,其出现和兴盛的时间大约在公元3世纪至公元13世纪。从传入时间来看,qanun/kanun应早于cang/cank,因此,qanun/kanun很可能是“箜篌”的最早语源。

The Konghou is a plucked string instrument with cylindrical tuning tongpin, which is different from the Qin and zither in ancient China. The etymology of Konghou is regarded by the Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords as Qobuz/Qūpūz of Turkic language.Through the comprehensive study and judgment of archaeological objects, archaeological images, relevant pronunciation and shape investigation, the author finds that the dictionary interpretation is inaccurate. Qobuz/Qūpūz is a kind of wind instrument, which is different from the harp plucked string instrument. The author tends to think that the etymology of the Konghou is Qanun/Kanun, which was popular in the ancient Assyrian Empire in the 19th century BC. It is called Qalon in Xinjiang Uygur language(Turkic). Kanon is the prototype of the ancient Chinese recumbent konghou. It was introduced into the Han Dynasty from Persia to Xinjiang from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC. Later, the manufacturing material of its groove was changed to bamboo, and its shape changed from trapezoid to rectangle. Harp konghou came into China with the eastward spread of Buddhism. Although it gradually replaced the recumbent konghou, it appeared and flourished from the 3rd century AD to the 13th century AD, much later than the recumbent Qanun/Kanun.