果树基因组辅助育种技术研究现状与展望

Research Status and Prospects of Genomics-Assisted Breeding Technology in Fruit Tree

近年来,基因组学分析技术的发展为提高植物育种效率开辟了新的途径。基于基因组学的植物育种和遗传学研究的新方法,如全基因组关联分析(GWAS)和基因组选择(GS),得到广泛应用,包括应用于果树育种中。果树世代周期长、遗传杂合度高、基因组较大、童期长且生物学研究基础薄弱,果树目标性状的遗传改良进程受到极大限制。本综述分析了基因组学辅助育种的潜力,利用新的基因组学方法来克服传统果树育种的这些障碍。首先介绍了果树常规育种技术(如远缘杂交,突变等技术),随后对果树中近年来出现的新的生物育种技术(如RNA干涉技术,同源转基因育种技术等)作了概述。随着高通量测序技术的快速发展,测序成本进一步降低,越来越多的果树完成了全基因组测序,总结了完成全基因组测序的果树树种,并综述了GWAS和GS的核心理论、主要模型、研究方法以及它们在果树育种中的应用进展,最后展望了基因组辅助育种技术在果树育种中的应用前景及存在的问题。

Recent advancements in genomic analysis technologies have opened up new avenues to promote the efficiency of plant breeding. Novel genomics-based approaches for plant breeding and genetics research, such as genome-wide association studies(GWAS) and genomic selection(GS), have been widely used, including in fruit tree breeding. The genetic improvement process of target traits of fruit trees is hindered by their long generation time, high degree of genetic heterozygosity, large plant genome, long juvenile phase and weak biological research foundation. In this article, we describe the potential of genomics-assisted breeding, which uses these novel genomics-based approaches, to break through these barriers in conventional fruit tree breeding. Firstly, we introduce the conventional breeding technologies of fruit trees(such as distant hybridization and mutation), and then summarize the new biotechnological tools(such as RNA interference technology and cisgenesis) in fruit trees. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, the cost of sequencing is further reduced. More and more fruit trees have completed whole-genome sequencing. We then summarize whole-genome sequence data that are available for fruit tree breeding, and review the core theories, main models, research methods of GWAS and GS, as well as their application progress in fruit tree breeding. Finally, we note the future prospects of genomics-assisted fruit tree breeding and problems that need to be overcome in the breeding.