基于中国古代时间观念下的传统园林空间形态探析

The Spatial Morphology Analysis of Traditional Gardens based on the Concept of Time in Ancient China

时间与空间是事物存在的基础,时间观更是我们理解世界的前提。中国古人认为时间统率空间。传统园林作为时空的综合艺术,时间观念是其最深层的营构机制。中国古代时间观念可分为四时五方的循环时间观和生命流变的线性时间观两种。前者影响产生传统园林“厅堂为心、时景四方”的稳定骨架及“园路成环,圈层嵌套”的总体格局;后者使园林空间序列产生“屈曲不息”“阴阳二律”及“节奏秩序”的形态特征。传统园林空间正是在这两者的融合之下形成“静中有变”“变中有序”的特点。

Time and space are the precondition of the existence, and the concept of time is the premise of our understanding of the world. Ancient Chinese believed that time rules space. For that, time was the core concept behind the construction of traditional Chinese garden. There were two main ideas of time for the ancient Chinese: the cyclic concept that the four seasons correspond to the five directions;and the linear concept with a life-like continuous rhythmic change. The former influenced location of the buildings and the space morphology "main hall always as the center of the whole garden, four directions implied the four seasons" "road always designed as circles, all scenic spots also put in nested loops". The later drove the space sequence to be varied by stepping, which reflected the alternation of Yinyang and the implied rhythm of the space order. The space of traditional Chinese gardens was governed by the combination of the two different concepts, and formed the characters of "stable but various", "changeable but well-disciplined".