防水透湿膜在纺织上的应用及研究进展

Research progress and application of waterproof and moisture permeable membranes on textiles

防水透湿膜是一种兼具耐水渗透性和水汽透过性的功能膜材料,其与纤维面料复合,可制备具有独特防护性和兼顾透气、透湿于一体的舒适型功能性纺织品。目前,用于可穿戴纺织品的人体-环境交互领域的湿热传输膜材料主要有聚四氟乙烯疏水膜、聚氨酯亲水膜和静电纺丝纤维膜。本文对这3种防水透湿膜的结构、制备方法、防水透湿机理及应用性等进行综述,总结防水透湿膜的研究进展及其在纺织上的应用趋势,并对未来智能防水透湿薄膜的研发重点做出展望。

Waterproof and moisture permeable membranes are a kind of functional membrane material with both water permeability and water vapor permeability.Combined with fiber fabric,they can prepare functional textiles with unique protective properties,waterproofness,breathabilityand moisture permeability.Currently,the moisture and heat transfer membranes used in human-environment interaction of wearable textiles mainly include polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)hydrophobic membranes,polyurethane hydrophilic membranes and electrospun fiber membranes.At present,protective materials have become an urgent need to improve the comfort and wearability of long-term use while improving the barrier property.Functional and intelligently breathable and moisture permeable materials have also been studied,accelerating their application in medical,garment and military protective materials.Since water molecules transport more slowly in solids than in pores,the waterproof and moisture permeability of the PTFE hydrophobic microporous membrane mainly comes from the regulation of its pore size.When the pore size is smaller than the raindrop but larger than the water vapor molecule,it has better waterproof and moisture permeability,but because the PTFE is hydrophobic,it will lead to the accumulation of water droplets in the pore channel blockage.The polyurethane hydrophilic membrane discharge water vapor molecules to the outside via the absorption-transfer-release process,which has high water pressure resistance due to its non-porous structure,so the permeability and moisture permeability are relatively poor,and the wearers will feel uncomfortable.Electrospinning,as a convenient and effective route to prepare micro nanofiber membranes,has been developed rapidly in recent years.The electrospun fiber membrane is considered to be an effective material to prepare waterproof and breathable membranes because of its small pore size,high porosity,controllable porous structure and ease of surface modification.Until now,a variety of strategies such as biaxial stretching,formwork methods,and melt blowing have been used to produce microporous,waterproof and breathable membranes.However,due to the limitations of raw materials and processes,these methods are still difficult to industrialize in large quantities.Although the research on the physical,chemical preparation and processing of waterproof and moisture permeable membranes has accumulated a lot of valuable results,the actual daily wearing environment is very complex,especially when switching between indoor and outdoor scenes,such as entering and exiting air-conditioned rooms in summer.The waterproof and moisture permeable fabric with undiversified"winter warmness"or"summer coolness"cannot adapt to the complex scene and even cause the medical staff to get cold and sick.Its poor adaptability greatly limits the practical application.Consequently,it is urgent to design and develop a smart textile with thermal moisture dissipation in hot weather while offer a warm and humid microclimate in cold weather,which may accelerate the development and research on medical protective clothing and other related medical textiles.