化用与瓦解——论章刘古文学立场与今文学派的关系

Transformation and Disintegration:On the Relationship Between the Literary Studies in Classical Style of Zhang and Liu and the School of Studies in Contemporary Style

章太炎、刘师培所建立的古文学派与今文学派之间存在密切关联,古文学者的立场亦往往存在暧昧、游移。章太炎的古文学是在与常州今文学的对话中建立的,其早期主要回应刘逢禄对古文不言大义的批判,努力调和春秋三传,论证《左传》亦传素王大义;中期接受“六经皆史”之说,以今古文经皆为良史;后期坦然接受刘逢禄对古文为史学的论断,擅“尊史”为古文专长。刘师培与今文学的关联更为暧昧,其早期始终试图调和今古,与今文学家亦关系良好;中期因章太炎之力劝,方才信古非今;后期在廖平影响下重新以地理疆域为视角调和今古。而古文后学因对实证史学的追求,更罕言今古之辨,走向瓦解今古之争的道路。

The school of literatural studies in classical style established by Zhang Taiyan and Liu Shipei was closely linked to modern literature,and the position of the school was often ambiguous and evasive.Zhang Taiyan’s studies were established in dialogue with the studies in contemporary style of Changzhou,and his early efforts were devoted to responding to Liu Fenglu’s criticism for not speaking of the greater meaning,and to reconciling the three biographies of Chunqiu,arguing that the Zuo Zhuan also transmitted the greater meaning of Su Wang.In the middle period,he accepted the idea that the Six Classic Books were all history,and that both literatures in contemporary and ancient style were good history.While in the later period,he accepted Liu Fenglu’s assertion that literatural in ancient style is historiography,and excelled in“good history”as a speciality of literatural studies in ancient style.Liu Shipei’s association with literature in contemporary style was more ambiguous,as he always tried to reconcile the contemporary and the ancient in his early years,and had good relations scholars in contemporary style.But in his middle years,he was persuaded by Zhang Taiyan to believe in the past rather than the present.While in his later years,however,he was again influenced by Liao Ping to reconcile the contemporary and the ancient through the lens of geography and territory.At last,the pursuit of empirical historiography had made it more difficult to distinguish between the contemporary and the ancient,and had even led to the dismantling of the debate between the contemporary and the ancient.