传重之制与尊尊之义:从宗统与君统看传统中国政治权力的伦理化

The Succession of Chong and the Principle of Zunzun: The Ethicalization of Political Power in Traditional China from the Perspective of Clan Lineage and Monarch Lineage

中国传统支配类型之所以呈现出人伦化而非即事化的特点,是由传统支配的内在结构和伦理逻辑造成的。权力来源于“尊”,支配的达成本质上是一种“尊尊”。由“尊尊”之义而有宗法制度内的族权和宗法制度外的政权。权力的继替过程即是尊尊之统的确立过程,具体又分为君统与宗统两个部分。“传重”是权力继替的关键环节,目的就是确立尊尊之统的秩序。宗统继替坚持伦序不紊原则,君统继替体现伦理比附原则。宗统与君统的继替过程,充分体现了权力的伦理化特点。总体而言,由传重之制可见尊尊之义,政治根植于父子伦理,传统中国呈现出政治伦理化特点,是一个“家—政治共同体”。

The traditional Chinese domination type is characterized by a human relationship-based rather than matter-of-fact based approach.This is because of the internal structure and ethical logic of traditional domination.Power comes from“zun”(尊respect),and the essence of domination is a type of“zunzun”(尊尊).According to the meaning of“zunzun”(尊尊),there are clan power within the patriarchal system and monarchal power outside the patriarchal system.The process of power succession is the process of establishing the lineage of“zunzun”(尊尊),which is specifically divided into two parts:the monarch lineage and the clan lineage.Monarchy and patriarchy are different in terms of the specific institutional level as the former refers to political power and the latter patriarchal power,but they share the same set of ethical order based on father-son ethics.Specifically,the implementation of power succession depends on the system of succession of chong(重)with the latter being the key link for the purpose of establishing the lineage order of“zunzun”(尊尊).“Succession of chong(重)”has two meanings:one is to inherit and continue the spirit of the deceased ancestors,and the other is the wife’s-first-son succession rule in the patriarchal and feudal system.These two meanings reveal the ethical connotation of power.In this process,the primogeniture system is the core of power succession and its legitimacy comes from the principle of“zunzun”(尊尊),reflecting the ultimate manifestation of the political destiny of Heaven’s Mandate and men’s ethical virtues since the Zhou dynasty.Therefore,the common law of the wife’s-first-son succession embodies the ethical and moral characteristics of traditional power.In addition,the succession variation of“weirenhou”(为人后,being-the-descendant)complements and maintains the ethical foundation of the traditional power succession.The succession of the clan lineage adheres to the principle of generational order,while the succession of the monarch lineage embodies the principle of ethical analogy.In general,the traditional politics is rooted in the father-son ethics.Traditional China presents the characteristics of ethicalization of political power and is a“family-polity community”entity.