对20世纪上半叶美国反犹主义的历史考察(1900—1945)

A Historical Survey of Anti-Semitism in the United States in the First Half of the 20th Century(1900—1945)

在20世纪上半叶,美国处于第二次反犹主义高潮时期,它继承了第一次反犹主义高潮的部分特点,同时又随着美国国内外环境的变化呈现出新的特征。在19世纪末20世纪初,新兴媒体行业的反犹倾向使得反犹主义以种族主义的方式表现出来;一战之后,美国反犹主义中又夹杂着“布尔什维克主义恐惧”、孤立主义情绪等,并随着1929—1933年经济危机的到来和罗斯福新政的开始,美国社会的反犹主义呈现出扩大化、极端化、组织化的特点;及至1941年美国参加二战,美国的反犹主义仍存在于军队、社会舆论和政府的难民政策之中。直到1945年后,随着纳粹大屠杀事件的披露,才最终使得第二次反犹主义高潮逐渐平息下去。

In the first half of the 20th century,the United States was in the second climax period of antisemitism.It inherited some characteristics of the first anti-Semitism climax.Meanwhile,it showed new characteristics with the changes of the environment in the United States and abroad.From the late 19th century to the early 20th,the tendency of anti-Semitism in the emerging media industry made it manifested in a racist way.After the First World War,American anti-Semitism was mingled with the fear of Bolshevism and isolationism.With the coming of economy crisis(1929—1933)and the beginning of Roosevelt’s new politics,American anti-Semitism showed the characteristics of extensification,extremalization and systematization.In 1941 when America joined the Second World War,it still existed in its army,public opinion and the government’s refugee policy.It was not until 1945,with the revelation of the Holocaust,that the second tide of anti-Semitism subsided.