试析宋代官员墓葬选址特点与影响因素

Analysis on the Tomb Site Selection of Song Dynasty officials and Influencing Factors

相较唐代高等级官员集中葬于两京地区,其他地区发现的官员墓葬基本以县官一级为主,两宋时期官员无论官品高低,均未集中埋葬于某地,墓葬面貌也表现出较为明显的地域特色。官员墓葬分布看似杂乱无章,但通过对墓主人籍贯、出仕经历、埋葬区域等信息的梳理,仍可看出其墓葬选址存在一定规律,基本以归葬原籍祖茔为主,部分或葬于游宦之地,或葬于寓居之所,墓葬分布总体来看并不集中。结合考古材料与文献资料,推测宋代帝陵陪葬制度的变化、族葬习俗的兴盛,以及政治、地理、风水、战乱等因素,均对唐宋官员墓葬选址变化产生了重要影响。

This article discusses the geographical distributions of officials’tombs during the Song Dynasty,arguing that in contrast to the tombs in the Tang Dynasty,when high-ranking officials were mostly buried in capitals(Chang’an and Luoyang),officials’tombs from the Song Dynasty were scattered in their hometowns and places where they worked or lived for long.The influencing factors which cause the changes between the Tang and Song Dynasties are as follows:first and foremost,the system of building satellite tombs around imperial mausoleums had changed,during the Song Dynasty,only members of the royal family could be buried in the imperial graveyards.Second,under the tendency to be buried in family cemetery as well as the influence of filial piety and clan system which gradually became popular in the Song Dynasty,most officials chose to be buried in their ancestral homes and family cemeteries.Under the imperial examination system,family cemeteries and corresponding sacrificial activities also became an important means to strengthen family ties through the worship of ancestors.Third,natural environment and geomantic advantage of the graveyard as well as political and cultural factors and customs also played important roles in the site selection of officials’tombs during the Song Dynasty.In conclusion,the geographic distribution of officials’tombs changed immensely during the Tang and Song Dynasties.The extensive distribution of officials’tombs in the Song Dynasty provided the foundation for the development of their regional characteristics.The hierarchical system of the Tang Dynasty embodied by tomb structure and funerary objects was gradually replaced by the regional characteristics of tombs in the Song Dynasty.