从人虎关系考察清代至民国的南岭社会

Investigation on Nanling Society from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China from the Relationship between Men and Tigers

清以降,南岭地区的人虎关系呈现出动态性与复杂性,二者整体上保持着微妙的和平,然其间冲突亦不容忽视。就时间而言,政局动荡的清初、晚清时期虎患剧烈,而乾隆朝人虎矛盾最为普遍;地域分布上,兴宁、贺县、蓝山、永明等县虎患尤为严重。人虎关系的变化折射出南岭地区部分社会面貌。清代以后南岭山区的进一步开发,不可避免与虎争地,因此酿成虎患。政局动荡之时,此类矛盾尤为突出,而应对虎患之法则反映出政府治理观念的近代化。与政局更迭、生态恶化不同的是,文化相对而言具有稳定性,南岭居民对虎文化符号的认知一直延续到了近代。

Since the Qing Dynasty, the relationship between men and tigers in Nanling area has shown dynamics and complexity. On the whole, there is a subtle peace between them, but the conflict can not be ignored.In terms of time, the tigers suffering was severe in the early and late Qing Dynasty, and the contradiction between men and tigers was the most common in the Qianlong Dynasty in the middle of the Qing Dynasty;in terms of geographical distribution, Xingning, Hexian, Lanshan, Yongming and other counties were particularly affected.The change of human-tiger relationship reflects some social features in Nanling area. After the Qing Dynasty, the further development of Nanling Mountain area inevitably competed with tigers for land, which led to tiger trouble.When the political situation is turbulent, such contradictions are particularly prominent, and the law to deal with the tiger problem reflects the modernization of the concept of government governance. Different from the change of political situation and ecological deterioration, culture is relatively stable. Nanling residents’ cognition of tiger cultural symbols has continued to modern times.