买卖型担保的民法定位与实践展开

Civil Law Orientation and Practice of Trading Style Guarantee

买卖型担保是一种非典型担保,其担保功能的实现严重依赖于买卖合同预期收益以及买卖合同的可执行性。由于无法控制债务人转让买卖合同标的物,与典型担保相比,债权人需要承担更大的风险。《最高人民法院关于审理民间借贷适用法律若干问题的规定》(法释〔2020〕17号)第23条忽视了买卖型担保功能实现的特殊性,过分高估了债务人利益受损问题。买卖型担保明显不同于让与担保,与流质流押也存在本质区别,实质上是附有债务人选择权的清偿合意,债务人可以利用选择权充分保障自身利益。应当建立健全买卖型担保的登记制度,进一步强化债权人对买卖合同标的物的控制力。债务人未按期清偿债务时,应当准许债权人诉请强制履行买卖合同。

Trading style guarantee is an atypical guarantee whose guarantee function depends heavily on the expected income and the enforceability of the sales contract.Due to the inability to control the debtor's transfer of the subject matter of the sales contract,compared with typical guarantees,creditors need to bear greater risks.Article 23 of Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law to Private Lending(legal interpretation[2020]No.17)ignores the particularity of the realization of the function of trading style guarantee and overestimates the damage to the debtor’s interests.Trading style guarantee is obviously different from transferring guarantee,and it is also fundamentally different from fluidity clause.In essence,it is an accord of solution with the debtor’s option.The debtor can fully protect its own interests by using the option.We should establish and improve the registration system of trading style guarantee,and further strengthen the creditor’s control over the subject matter of the sales contract.If the debtor fails to pay off his debts on time,he shall allow the creditor to sue for the mandatory performance of the sales contract.