“通儒”概念演变与中古士人身份的转型

The Adaptation of the Concept of“the Versatile Confucian”and the Modern Transformation of the Identity of Middle Ancient Scholars

通儒在古代文献中是一个流动的概念,最早在汉代提出时带有通经和致用两方面内涵,可惜在尊经崇学的中古时代很少有大儒去践实和发挥其中的务实之举。安史之乱以后,在盛唐文儒文化熏陶下成长起来的中唐士人既有博通经史的学识,又有入世救民的儒家理想和美德,在特定的时代用自己的政务能力支撑起通儒识时务、达政体的特征。中唐通儒把思想层面的道统复兴和现实意义中的强国之愿统一起来,承担起礼制重建、经济重振、文化重整等方面的重任,在政治文化转型和士人身份转型上开启近世之变。

The concept of“the versatile Confucian”is a flexible one in traditional literature.It was first proposed in the Han Dynasty with two connotations of mastering the Confucian Classics and cultivating the statecraft.Unfortunately,in the Middle ancient times when Confucianism prevailed,there were few great Confucians to practice and promote its pragmatic approach.After the An-Shi Rebellion,the literati in the middle Tang Dynasty who grew up under the influence of the literary and Confucian culture had both the knowledge of the classics and history,as well as the Confucian ideals and virtues of entering the world to save people.And they understood the current affairs and the political system,which was the characteristics of the versatile Confucians who were efficient at using their own administrative ability on specific historical conditions.The versatile Confucians in the Middle Tang Dynasty unified the revival of orthodox Dao in the ideological level and the aspiration to build a powerful country in the practical sense.They took on the important tasks such as the ritual system reconstruction,economic revitalization,cultural reforming,and initiated the early modern transformations in politics and culture,as well as the identity of the scholars.