卫所式微与后卫所时代军屯的归宿——以清水江下游三个千户所为例

The Decline of the Weisuo and the End result of Post era of Weisuo:Take Three Qianhu in the Lower Reaches of Qingshui River as an Example

与辰州卫有“母子”关系、是明代贵州境内最早置卫所地区、贵州境内实力最强盛的一个卫所,是五开卫在明代贵州卫所史上的特征。卫所式微是指卫所军政权力由在全省居于重要地位而渐变衰落所呈现出的军政退而民政进的社会治理状态,相伴生的重要事件就是屯田制度荒废。五开卫式微大背景与贵州卫所式微相关;屯军社会地位的沦落,屯田肆意被私人侵吞、屯军屯民的民人化转变,从深层处动摇卫所根基,后卫所时代卫所的宿命就是改流。贵州境内卫所改流过程有两个极具意义的事件:五开卫改流首先是新化-亮寨千户所的消失;天柱守御千户所以一个所为主导成功改流为县,是贵州卫所史上的唯一。卫所军屯人员来源地的差异,影响了后卫所时代贵州西部与清水江下游屯堡村社化的不同面貌;而新化千户所消解于新化长官司和亮寨司内,表明屯卫军民身份的变化也是卫所式微并且深度影响贵州东西部卫所屯堡本地村寨化后的不同景观。

Wukai Wei has a“mother-son”relationship with Chenzhou Wei.Wukai Wei is the earliest and the strongest Wei in Guizhou during Ming Dynasty,which is the characteristic in the history of Guizhou Wei in the Ming Dynasty.The decline of Wei refers to the state of Wei military and political power gradually declines from an important position in the whole province.The big background of Wukai system is related to the background of Guizhou Wei System:Tun military social status reduced,Tun fields wantonly by private appropriations,Tun military and Tun people's transformation of the people,from the deep place to shake the foundation of Wei,the fate of Post era of Wei is to change to governmental official.There are two significant events in the process of the reform of the Wei in Guizhou:The first is the disappearance of the Xinhua Qian Hu and Liangzhai Qian Hu;Tianzhu Qian Hu change to a county government,is the only one in the history of Guizhou Wei.The difference of the origin of the personnel of Wei soldiers affected the different features of Tunpu villages in the west of Guizhou and the lower reaches of Qingshui River.However,Xinhua Qianhu was dissolved in Xinhua Si and Liangzhai Si,indicating that the change of the identity of Tun Wei army and people is also the decline of the Wei and deeply affected the different landscape after the local village of Wei villages in eastern and western Guizhou.