体系化视角下民法典环境损害责任条款的规范定位

Positioning Clauses on Liability of Environmental Damages of the Civil Code in the Normative System

2020年5月通过的《民法典》在其侵权责任编中以第一千二百三十四条和第一千二百三十五条分别规定了生态环境损害的修复及损失赔偿责任,此二条款在形式上终结了生态环境损害赔偿诉讼实体法律依据不够明确的局面。但由于环境公共利益、环境损害修复与赔偿责任所具有的显著的特殊性,导致二者分别与《民法典》中的民事权益体系和民事责任体系产生龃龉,生态环境损害责任条款因此与《民法典》体系存在紧张关系,为疏解二者间的龃龉并明确生态环境损害责任条款的规范意义,应对条款中的违法性要件进行目的性扩张解释,将生态环境损害责任规定理解为在责任构成及责任执行方面对具体“国家规定”的全面引致。我国应在《民法典》生态环境责任条款的基础上,加快专门性生态环境损害责任立法的创制进程。正在编纂中的环境法典宜对生态环境损害责任制度进行具体的、专门性的规定,从而实现对《民法典》中的引致性、倡议性规定的补全。

The liabilities with regards to resort or compensate the damaged environment are stipulated respectively by the article 1234 and article 1235 of the Civil Code enacted in May,2020.These two clauses are the first substantial legislations to confirm the liability of environmental damages in China.However,the environmental public interest and the liability of environmental damages,in conflict with the civil rights system and the civil liabilities system separately,are too special to be a composition of the Civil Code.To coordinate the relationship between the clauses on liability of environmental damages and the other part of the Civil Code,it is necessary to expand the meaning of the expression of"violating the nation′s stipulation"in these two clauses.According to this understanding,when determining and executing the liability of environmental damages,the specific nation′s stipulation other than the Civil Code should be applied.To apply the clauses,specialized legislations on the liability of environmental damages should be enacted as soon as possible.This regime can easily find its right position in the on-going Environmental Code.Stipulating this regime concretely in the Environmental Code can be a good complement for the referencing stipulation in the Civil Code.