高温合金废料再生技术的研究进展

Research Progress of Recovery Technology for Superalloy Scraps

高温合金因其优异的抗腐蚀性和机械性能,广泛应用于航空航天、石油化工、核工业、船舰制造等领域。为了进一步提高高温合金的服役性能,在高温合金制造过程中添加了Re,W,Mo,Ta,Nb,Zr,Hf,Pt等十几种有价稀贵金属增强元素,然而这些金属资源大多面临矿藏不足和消耗量过大的问题,开采困难且价格极为昂贵。随着中国科技事业的快速发展,高温合金的需求量也越来越大,供需矛盾日益凸显。与此同时,高温合金制造、维修和替换过程中产出的废料也越来越多,而中国目前高温合金废料回收技术不成熟,大量高温合金废料高值化利用不足且被迫降级使用,造成巨大的资源浪费和环境污染。因此,亟待开发节能、环保、高效的高温合金废料回收技术,缓解中国金属矿产资源危机和能源环境危机。基于现有研究成果,总结了中国高温合金废料回收再利用研究及产业发展所面临的行业重大需求,回顾了高温合金废料回收再利用领域近年来国内外所取得的主要进展和成就,针对现阶段高温合金废料回收再利用过程中存在的问题提出建议,并进一步探讨了该领域未来前沿研究方向。

Superalloys were primarily used for aerospace,petrochemical,nuclear industry,shipbuilding because of their excellent corrosion resistivity and mechanical strength.In order to further improve the service performance of superalloys,dozens of valuable rare and precious metal elements such as Re,W,Mo,Ta,Nb,Zr,Hf and Pt were added during the manufacturing process of superalloys.However,most of these metal resources were facing the problems of insufficient mineral resources and excessive consumption,which were difficult to mine,and their price were extremely expensive.With the rapid development of science and technology industry,the demand for superalloys was also increasing,and the contradiction between supply and demand had become increasingly prominent.At the same time,more and more superalloy scraps were produced during the manufacture,repair and replacement.At present,the recovery technology of superalloy scraps was immature in China,a large number of superalloy scraps were not fully utilized,which resulted in huge resource waste and environmental pollution.Therefore,it was urgent that an energy saving,environment-friendly and efficient recovery technology of superalloy scraps were developed to alleviate the crisis of metal mineral resources,energy and environment.Developed countries such as Europe and the United States had long carried out research on the recycling of waste superalloys,had formed a relatively mature basic theory,established a relatively perfect recycling technology system of waste superalloys,and formed a certain scale of industrialization.However,the technology was monopolized by a few foreign high-tech companies,but their technologies were strictly confidential,they could not provide research reference and industrial reference for us to carry out recycling and reuse for superalloy scraps.Therefore,the recycling and reuse of rare and precious metal elements in superalloys was great significance for sustainable economic growth,cost control,environmental protection and strategic security.Awareness of recycling and reuse of superalloy scrap was relatively backward,and research and development started late in China.Most of the superalloy scraps had not been high-value utilization and forced to degrade,which further aggravated the contradiction between supply and demand of strategic metal resources in China.In order to realize the sustainable recycling of superalloys,it was necessary to accurately grasp the main objective problems faced by the recycling of superalloys.Therefore,a comprehensive and systematical introduction should be understanded in research progress of superalloy recycling at home and abroad,so as to absorb and draw lessons from its innovative principles and methods,abandoned its unreasonable parts,and created a more reasonable recycling process on this basis.However,the recovery efficiency of superalloy was affected by its brand,composition and other factors.The traditional combination process of wet,fire and wetfire was difficult to make a breakthrough fundamentally,and any method did not show significant advantages,while the recovery and reuse of superalloy had broad prospects and social benefits.Therefore,the research on superalloy recycling would be a long process.Relatively speaking,pyrometallurgy-hydrometallurgy technologies had a broader prospect because it could realize the classification and recovery of various metals with high recovery purity.Therefore,the recovery and reuse of superalloy scraps in the future would rely on pyrometallurgy-hydrometallurgy technologies.This paper mainly summarized the research progress of the recycling and reuse of superalloy scraps and focused on the introduction of the pyrometallurgy-hydrometallurgy process,hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy process in China and abroad,so as to provide reference for the related research and engineering application in this field.At the same time,based on the latest research directions,the recovery development of superalloy scraps was prospected in paper.First of all,it was necessary to clarify the goal,identify the short problem guided by major demand and environmental pressure,and further studied and refined the scientific problems.Secondly,research plans should be formulated according to the size,difficulty and solution cycle of scientific problems,and scientific research should be carried out continuously.In addition to the improvement of traditional process,which was also necessary to find a new way,such as functional reconstruction of scraps,design of specific element extractant molecules,and synthesis of efficient and accurate separation materials with molecular recognition function.