唐三彩烧制工艺的无损分析研究

The Study of Non-Destructive Analysis of Tang Sancai Firing Technology

唐三彩是我国重要的文化遗产,分析其胎体和釉料的化学成分和物相结构对研究其原料特点和烧制工艺具有重要意义。利用微束X射线荧光谱仪和X射线衍射谱仪无损分析陕西醴泉坊窑、河南黄冶窑和陕西省博物馆烧制的现代仿品等唐三彩样品。研究结果表明,醴泉坊窑唐三彩和黄冶窑唐三彩的原料来源于不同类别的黏土。醴泉坊窑和黄冶窑烧制的唐三彩胎料中主要含有大量α-石英(SiO_(2),PDF 46-1045)和少量的方石英(SiO_(2),PDF 76-0932)等晶相,但醴泉坊窑和黄冶窑烧制的唐三彩胎料中还分别存在少量α-Fe_(2)O_(3)(Fe_(2)O_(3),PDF 16-0653)和微量莫来石(3Al_(2)O_(3)·2SiO_(2),PDF 83-1881)等晶相。这表明二者原料来源和烧制工艺的不同导致其烧成胎料中矿物结构的差异。在唐三彩的釉彩中,着色元素Fe,Cu和Co充分熔融在铅熔剂里,且在黄釉和绿釉的交界处Fe与Cu相互交融。釉彩的XRD谱图表明,釉彩中主要存在非晶态的玻璃相和微量α-石英(SiO_(2),PDF 46-1045)晶相。同时,醴泉坊窑唐三彩绿釉中存在少量的Pb_(8)Cu(Si_(2)O_(7))_(3)(PDF 31-0464)晶相;黄冶窑唐三彩黄釉中含有大量的钙长石(CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8),PDF 89-1462)晶相;现代唐三彩仿品黄釉中存在少量的α-Fe_(2)O_(3)(Fe_(2)O_(3),PDF 47-1409)晶相。这表明釉彩原料组成和烧制工艺的差异导致唐三彩釉彩中存在不同的矿物晶体。此外,尽管现代唐三彩仿品的胎釉在主量元素含量与黄冶窑唐三彩接近,但不论是从胎料还是釉彩的物相组成来看,其与真品间存在显著差异。以上结果表明,微束X射线荧光与X射线衍射分析技术的结合,在古陶瓷类文物的原料产地、真伪识别和烧制工艺的研究方面具有广泛的应用前景。

Tang Sancai is an important cultural heritage of China.The analysis of the chemical compositions and phase structures of the Tang Sancai body and glaze is helpful to studying the Tang Sancai raw materials and firing technologies.This paper reports the analysis results of chemical compositions and phase structures of the Tang Sancai from the Liquanfang Kiln,the Huangye Kiln,and modern products from the Shaanxi Provincial Museum by the micro X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer and the X-ray diffractometer.The results show that the raw materials of Tang Sancai bodies in the Liquanfang kiln and Huangye kiln come from different clays.The cristobalite(PDF 76-0932)andα-quartz(PDF 46-1045)are the main phase structures in the Tang Sancai bodies of Liquanfang kiln and Huangye kiln.However,a small number ofα-Fe_(2)O_(3)(PDF 16-0653)phase andtraces of mullite(PDF 83-1881)phase existed in the Tang Sancai bodies of Liquanfang kiln and Huangye kiln,respectively.It shows that the difference in the firing technology and raw materials of the two kilns results in the different mineral structures of the bodies.In the glaze of Tang Sancai,the coloring elements Fe,Cu,and Co in the glazes melted in the lead flux,and Fe and Cu blended in the mixed area of the yellow glaze and the green glaze.The XRD patterns of the glazes show that there are mainly amorphous glass phases and traces ofα-quartz(PDF 46-1045)in the glass.In addition,a small amount of Pb_(8)Cu(Si_(2)O_(7))_(3)(PDF 31-0464)phase existed in the Tang Sancai green glaze of Liquanfang kiln;a large amount of CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)(PDF 89-1462)phase existed in the Tang Sancai yellow glaze of Huangye kiln;a small number ofα-Fe_(2)O_(3)(PDF 47-1409)phase existed in the Tang Sancai yellow glaze of Liquanfang kiln.It indicates that the differences in the chemical compositions of the glaze raw materials and the firing technologies lead to the different mineral crystals in the Tang Sancai glazes.The concentrations of the main elements of the modern products’bodies and glazes are close to the Huangye kiln samples.However,there are significant differences between the fake and true Tang Sancai in the phase compositions of the bodies and glazes.In general,the combination of micro X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analysis technology could have broad application prospects in raw material origin,authenticity identification,and firing technology of ancient ceramics.